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儿童是城市未来的主人,研究建成环境对儿童独立出行能力的影响问题意义重大,这不仅关系到儿童的身心健康问题,而且关系到未来城市发展。近几十年来,随着城市的发展,儿童独立出行能力在急剧下降,最终影响儿童出行安全及儿童发展,造成育儿家庭的社会成本不断增加。本文在国内外文献综述基础上整理了居住环境、学校环境、城市环境这三类建成空间环境对儿童独立出行能力的影响因素,同时通过对岳阳市中心两所小学儿童的独立出行能力的实证调查,探索适合当前我国国情的改善儿童独立出行能力的规划对策,为创建儿童友好城市环境提供理论支撑。
Abstract：Children are the future masters of cities. It is of great significance to study the impact of the built environment on children's independent mobility. This is not only related to children's physical and mental health, but also related to the future urban development. In recent decades, with the development of cities, the independent activity of children has fallen sharply, which ultimately affects children's travel safety and development, and causes the social costs of parenting families to continue to increase. Based on the literature review at home and abroad, this article sorts out the influence factors on children's independent mobility in three types of built environment, namely: living environment, school environment and urban environment. At the same time, the research team carries out an empirical investigation on children's independent mobility in two primary schools in the center of Yueyang City to explore planning strategies suitable for current China's national conditions to improve children's independent mobility, and provide theoretical support for the creation of a child-friendly city environment.
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(1)国内也有学者将此概念翻译成“独立活动性”，笔者认为该表述包含广泛的社会学意义上的独立性。然而，根据相关文献中的英文原文（见本脚注末尾）及希尔曼等人的叙述[1]，其强调的是儿童独立在社区和城市空间中巡游的能力。由于本文侧重从建成环境角度来分析，故翻译成“儿童独立出行能力”。英文原文：The freedom of children to travel around their own neighbourhood or city without adult supervision，源自：TRANTER P,WHITELEGG J.Children’s travel behaviours in Canberra:car-dependent lifestyles in a low-density city[J].Journal of transport geography,1994,2(4):265-273.
(1)在Web of Science、Scopus中检索，主题为child*、independent mobil*/autonomous mobil*/free move*/independent journey*、correlate*/associat*/relationship*/Influence*/Impact*/factor*/effect*。
(2) 13个正向影响因素：以单户住宅为主的结构、死胡同、居住密度、学校阶段、学校类型、靠近步行道、道路安全、交通安全、交通状况、离游戏场的距离、与公共设施的距离、土地利用结构、城市区位类型（城市、郊区、农村）。
(3) 20个负向影响因素：有无私家车、与家人朋友的距离、居住密度、家到学校的距离、学校类型、学校场地数量、主要道路的比例、邻里有效步行区域、交叉口密度、道路密度、车辆道路宽度、交通量、行人安全、犯罪安全、到目的地的距离、离公园的距离、游憩设施利用率、大型建筑和公交枢纽、土地利用结构、城市化水平。
(4) 9个无影响因素：行人安全、交通流量、公共交通站、娱乐设施、自行车基础设施的存在和维护、植被、犯罪安全、土地利用结构、城市化水平。
(1)面向朝阳小学回收有效问卷2 075份（3-6年级儿童卷841份，其中男生卷459份，女生卷382份；家长卷1 234份，其中1-2年级414份，3-6年级820份）。面向岳阳楼小学1-6年级回收有效家长问卷334份。全部样本中，6-8岁儿童占42%,9-10岁儿童占28%,11-12岁儿童占30%；样本中男孩的比例为49%，女孩的比例为51%；样本中1-3年级儿童的比例为42%,4-6年级儿童的比例为58%；样本中居住在1-6层多层住宅的儿童比例为84%,7-18层中高层住宅的儿童比例为11%,18层以上高层住宅的儿童比例为5%。
(1)《儿童友好社区建设规范》由北京永真公益基金会参照《标准化工作导则》（GB/T1.1-2009）中的相关规则起草。中国社区发展协会提出并归口，2020年1月13发布并实施。主要起草人：周惟彦、范斌、朱晓宇、吴楠、何铃、刘磊、沈瑶、张毅。
基本信息:
DOI：10.19830/j.upi.2020.389
中图分类号:TU984
引用信息:
[1]沈瑶,朱红飞,石雅昕,等.城市建成环境对儿童独立出行能力的影响因素及规划对策研究[J].国际城市规划,2021,36(01):17-23.DOI:10.19830/j.upi.2020.389.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51878252)
2020-11-24
2020-11-24
2020-11-24