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欧洲各国在战后1950—1970年代和我国在过去30年中都经历了快速的城市化和新区扩张。不论欧洲各国还是中国,这些新区都先后面临在相对高建设强度下城市活力依然缺乏的情况。本文从空间形态角度切入,对于三个规模类似、区位相近但经数十年时间发展之后具有不同活力的荷兰新城的空间形态演化进行分析并尝试总结若干规律。本研究基于实证分析提出一个假说,即新区城市活力随时间逐步增加的过程在形态学视角下表现为适宜的建设强度与建筑形态和足够的功能混合度向具有高街道可达性的地块积聚的过程。本文由此提出针对这一形态演化过程假说的量化测度并进行了测试,并结合国内新区新城做简要讨论。
Abstract：European countries went through a fast expansion of newly built-up areas between 1950 s and 1970 s after the WWII. A similar urbanization process also happened in China in the past three decades. Nevertheless, these newly built-up areas in both European countries and China had faced or have been facing the lack of urban vitality although they are being built with a relatively high intensity. In this context, this paper analyzes the morphogenesis process in three Dutch new towns over decades with different degrees of urban vitality now. A hypothesis is then proposed based on empirical studies to claim that the increase of urban vitality over time reflects on the aggregation of building density and functional mixture toward street blocks with high street accessibility from urban morphological perspective. An index based on this hypothesis for measuring this process has been developed and discussed in the context of Chinese newlybuilt-up areas as well.
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(1)由英国城市学家希利尔(Bill Hillier)提出,将城市街道抽象为一组彼此相交的直线段,在此基础上计算和量化它们之间的拓扑连接关系(空间整合度),进而能够被用于解释街道的可达性、相关的经济活动分布以及街道活动。
(2)由城市形态学家贝格豪泽-庞特(Berghauser-Pont)和豪普特(Haupt)提出,该方法用于对欧洲多个城市进行大样本分析,并构建起基于定量数据的城市形态分类标准。
(3)由荷兰规划师范德赫克(van den Hoek)提出。计算公式:MXI=居住(%)/工作(%)/设施(%),即各类功能的建筑面积在总建筑面积中的比率。
(4)更详细的分析方法请参见参考文献[16],因篇幅原因在此不做详述。
(1)以栅格为基本分析单位的荷兰新城形态特征的初步详见参考文献[19],但由于可塑性面积单元问题导致结果具有一定争议。因此本文尝试改用地块来进行深入分析。
(2)可达性分析从街道向地块的转化是基于距离衰减模型来实现的,其公式为B_b=Σ~n_(i=1)BtAR-_((x)i)(L_iD_i~a)/Σ~n_(i=1)(L_iD_i~a)。其中B_b代表基于地块的可达性结果,BtAR_((x)i)则代表围绕地块的某条街道i的可达性结果,可通过SDNA等分析软件计算得到。而L_i则代表街道i的道路中心线长度,Di则代表街道i的道路中心线距离该地块边缘的最短几何距离,而α为距离衰减系数。由于全局可达性衰减较慢,因此在计算全局可达性的时候取-1,而局部可达性衰减较快,因此在计算局部可达性时则取-2。这一距离衰减模型可以实现对于街道可达性向地块要素的科学转化,从而助力于更合理的形态学分析。
基本信息:
中图分类号:TU984.113
引用信息:
[1]叶宇,庄宇.新区空间形态与活力的演化假说:基于街道可达性、建筑密度和形态以及功能混合度的整合分析[J].国际城市规划,2017,32(02):43-49.
基金信息:
城市中国计划资助项目
2016-12-27
2016
2017-03-29
2017-04-18
2017
1
2017-04-19
2017-04-19