| 1,057 | 3 | 230 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
如何通过政策调控发挥“政府—市场—社会”三方在城市基层公共服务设施供给中的协同作用是基层共建共治的核心议题，长期广受关注。开埠百余年来，香港特区不断改革基层公共服务供给模式，形成了高效、精细、特色的多元主体共治机制。本文基于文献综述和实地调研，回顾了香港环卫、康体、养老和医疗等公共产品供给模式的历史演变，总结了当前供给模式的主要特点和策略，解析了以“地区为本”的行政和规划导向、财政资助的多渠道下沉、“空间—社会”分级协同治理、社会福利的多主体供给和“疗养全周期”导向的地区医疗联网等具体举措。通过审视香港模式下治理主体、空间配置、机制保障等方面的优势和不足，本文提出了针对内地大城市基层公共服务设施供给的政策启示，包括建立稳健的专项财政保障和高效的需求反馈机制，明晰社会参与服务供给的边界和优化资源分配机制，协调空间分级与需求分级，兼顾空间集约与管理精细化以及强化相关法律和条例的引导和约束。
Abstract：The provision of urban public amenities is one of the core issues of the “government-marketsociety” tripartite collaborative governance in urban operation. How to stimulate social capital investment and balance equity, efficiency and benefit under the macro-control and leadership of the government has received continuous attention. Over the past 100 years since the opening as a commercial port, Hong Kong has constantly reformed and improved the supply mechanism of public amenities responding social and economic development and local demand. Currently, it has established a mature and efficient supply mechanism involving multiple entities. Based on literature review and field investigation, this paper reviews the historical evolution of the supply mode of various public amenities, including sanitation, culture and sports, elderly service and health care, etc. It summaries the main characteristics of current supply patterns and strategies, including “district-based”administrative guidance, multi-channel appropriation of financial assistance, hierarchical and collaborative governance between space and society, multi-suppliers of social welfare, and hospital clusters by location for “all-round medical care”. Meanwhile, through reviewing the experience and challenges of governance entities,space configuration, supporting mechanism, this paper also provides the following policy implications for the mainland cities: establishing prudent special financial funds and efficient feedback mechanism, defining the participatory field of social entities and optimizing the allocation mechanism, integrating the hierachicalization of spatial allocation and social demand, balancing spatial intensification and meticulous management, ensuring the regulative effect of relevant laws and ordinance.
[1]OECD library.OECD Social and Welfare Statistics 2021[EB/OL].[2021-11-15].https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/socialexpenditure/aggregated-data_data-00 166en?parent=http%3%2F%2Fin stan ce.metastore.ingenta.com%2Fcontent%2Fcollection%2Fsocwel-data-en.
[2]张威,刘佳燕,王才强.新加坡社区服务设施体系规划的演进历程、特征及启示[J].规划师,2019,35(3):18-25.
[3]黄建中,张芮琪,胡刚钰.基于时空间行为的老年人日常生活圈研究——空间识别与特征分析[J].城市规划学刊,2019(3):87-95.
[4]雷诚,罗震东.大都市社区公共服务设施供给研究——基于“三三制”的体系构建[J].城市规划,2019,43(8):41-52.
[5]王岳,彭瑶玲,闫晶晶,等.新时代街道和社区公共服务设施规划探索——从“服务短缺”到“治理协同”的重庆实践[J].城市规划,2019,43(8):53-59.
[6]Legislative Council.Fiscal redistribution policies for fostering social harmony in selected places[EB/OL].[2021-11-15].https://www.legco.gov.hk/researchpublication s/english/social-welfare-and-services.htm.
[7]ZHANG S,IP K P.Public service of city government and political trust from resident:an analysis based on 1992-2015 Hong Kong livelihood data[J].Emerging markets finance and trade,2019,5 5(7):1486-1496.
[8]边防,吕斌.基于比较视角的美国、英国及日本城市社区治理模式研究[J].国际城市规划,2018,33(4):93-102.DOI:10.22217/upi.2016.136.
[9]张灵珠,晴安蓝,崔敏榆,等.立体化超高密度亚热带城市的老年群体休憩用地使用偏好研究[J].国际城市规划,2020,35(1):36-46.DOI:10.19830/j.upi.2019.672.
[10]吴洁琳,陈宇琳.东亚大城市菜市场发展经验及其借鉴——以中国香港、中国台湾和新加坡为例[J].国际城市规划,2017,32(6):91-98.DOI:10.22217/upi.2016.408.
[11]徐怡珊,周典,刘楠.香港安老服务设施体系的构成特征及其规划启示[J].国际城市规划,2017,32(6):77-83.DOI:10.22217/upi.2015.569.
[12]肖锐琴,林楚燕.香港婴幼儿服务设施体系的构成特征及其规划启示[J.].上海城市规划,2022(3):115-121.
[13]孙羿,凌嘉勤.城市空间易行性及其对老年友好城市建设的启示:以香港为例[J].国际城市规划,2020,35(1):47-52.DOI:10.19830/j.upi.2019.677.
[14]YUNG E H K,CONEJOS S,CHAN E H W.Social needs of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal.Cities,2016,52:114-122.
[15]WANG S,YUNG E H K,SUN Y.Effects of open space accessibility and quality on older adults'visit:planning towards equal right to the city[J].Cities,2022,125:103611.
[16]张沛,张中华.国外城市居住社区设施可获性研究及其在中国西安的实践[J].国际城市规划,2009,23(1):84-91.
[17]曾荫权.“大市场,小政府”——我们恪守的经济原则[EB/OL].[2022-09-18],https://www.ceo.gov.hk/archive/2012/chi/press/oped.htm.
[18]WONG H.Changes in social policy in Hong Kong since 1997:old wine in new bottles?[M]//LAM W M,LUI P L T,WONG W,eds.Contemporary Hong Kong government and politics.Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press,2012.
[19]梁祖彬.香港的社会政策:社会保护与就业促进的平衡[J].二十一世纪双月刊,2007,101:33-42.
[20]LAU Y W.A history of the municipal councils of Hong Kong 1883-1999:from the sanitary board to the urban council and the regional council[M].Hong Kong:Leisure and Cultural Service Department,2002.
[21]Home Affairs Department.District Officers[EB/OL].(2021-01-06)[2021-1022].https://www.had.gov.hk/en/public_services/district_administration/dis_officers.htm.
[22]Legislative Council.District Council Review in 2006[EB/OL],(2006-11-08)[2021-10-22].https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/ha/papers/ha1110cb2-257-2-e.pdf.
[23]伍美琴.社区规划刻不容缓[EB/OL].[2022-07-14].https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E6%96%87%E6%91%98/article/20200113/s00022/1578837957657/社區規劃-刻不容緩.
[24]林俊宇.公众街市的管理[EB/OL].(2020-11-12)[2023-04-06].https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/chinese/essentials-2021ise07-management-of-public-markets.htm.
[25]立法会秘书处资料研究组.食物安全及环境卫生—公众街市[EB/OL].(2017-09-27)[2023-04-06].https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/chinese/16 17issh36-public-markets-20170927-c.pdf.
[26]LAM K C,WOO L Y.Public perception of locally unwanted facilities in Hong Kong:implications for conflict re solution[J].Local environment,2009,14(9):851-869.
[27]COOK A,NG M K.Building sustainable communities:the Wanchai experiment[M].Hong Kong:Centre of Urban Planning&Environmental Management,University of Hong Kong,2001.
[28] NG M K,COOK A,CHUI E W T.The road not travelled:a sustainable urban regeneration strategy for Hong Kong[J].Planning practice and research,2001,16(2):171-183.
[29]Legislative Council Panel on Welfare Services.Re-engineering community support services for elders[EB/OL].(2002-07-08)[2021-10-22].https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr01-02/english/panels/ws/papers/ws0708cb2-2497-3e.pdf.
[30]Social Welfare Department.District elderly community centre[EB/OL].(2021-10-19)[2021-10-22].https://www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_elderly/sub_csselderly/id_districtel/.
[31]Social Welfare Department.Neighbourhood elderly centre[EB/OL].(2021-10-19)[2021-10-22].https://www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_elderly/sub_csseld erly/id_neighbourhood/.
[32]Lump Sum Grant Independent Review Committee.Review report on the lump sum grant subvention system[R/OL].(200 8-12-16)[2021-10-22].https://www.swd.gov.hk/doc/ngo/(5)-Report%20eng.pdf.
[33]Social Welfare Department.Funding and Service Agreement[EB/OL].(2021-06-18)[2021-10-22].https://www.swd.gov.hk/en/inde/site_ngo/page_serviceper/sub_fundingand/.
[34]Hospital Authority.Clusters,hospitals&institutions[EB/OL].[2021-10-22].https://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10036&L ang=ENG&Dimension=100&Parent_ID=10004&Ver=HTML.
[35]Clusters,Hospitals&Institutions.Hospital Authority[EB/OL].(2020)[2021-10-22].https://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10122&Lang=CHIGB&Dimension=100&Parent_ID=10121.
[36]梁卓伟.“改善医院管理局各联网的医疗服务”议案的立法会总结发言[EB/OL].(2011)[2022-07-13].https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201107/14/P201107140299.htm.
[37]KONG X,YANG Y,GAO J,et al.Overview of the health care system in Hong Kong and its referential significance to the mainland[J].Journal of the Chinese Medical Association,2015,78(10):569-573.
[38]GUO H,ZHAO Y,NIU T,et al.Hong Kong Hospital Authority resource efficiency evaluation:via a novel DEA-M almquist model and Tobit regression model[J].PloS One,2017,12(9):e0184211.
[39]Food and Health Bureau.Report of the Steering Committee on Review ofHospital Authority[R/OL].(2015-07)[2021-10-22].https://www.fhb.gov.hk/download/committees/harsc/report/en_full_report.pdf.
[40]Equal Opportunities Commission.Identifying effective approaches to reduce public opposition in the siting of integrated community centers for mental wellness and other mental health facilities[EB/OL].(2019-05-29)[2021-10-22].https://www.eoc.org.hk/EOC/upload/ResearchRepo rt/20195291241281990171.pdf.
[41]张楠迪扬.香港法定机构再审视:以内地政府职能转移为视角[J].港澳研究,2016(2):82-92,96.
[42]YAN M C,CHEUNG J C S,TSUI M S,et al.Examining the neoliberal discourse of accountability:the case of Hong Kong's social service sector[J].International social work,2017,60(4):976-989.
[43]张京祥,葛志兵,罗震东,等.城乡基本公共服务设施布局均等化研究——以常州市教育设施为例[J].城市规划,2012,36(2):9-15.
(1)“多元共治”社会治理模式一般指在政府的主导下，以公共部门、第三部门、私营机构、专业人士等为代表的不同主体在社会治理过程中共同合作、相互协调，提升区内大多数公众的共同利益，形成良性互动，体现出开放公共管理和广泛公众参与的治理理念。
(2)本文部分论述是基于作者参与香港公共政策类研究项目所获资料。
(1)市政大厦（又称街市）是香港集中配置食品交易、康体文化以及行政办公等多类用途的综合性市政建筑。
(1)法定机构是指由香港特别行政区政府出资成立和营运，负责特定公共服务或政府认为需要较多社会人士参与的工作，但不属政府部门的半官方机构。
基本信息:
DOI：10.19830/j.upi.2022.051
中图分类号:TU998.9;D676.58
引用信息:
[1]张起,王思强,郑振华,等.香港基层公共服务设施供给机制的演变、特征和启示[J].国际城市规划,2024,39(02):47-54+74.DOI:10.19830/j.upi.2022.051.
基金信息:
湖北省博士后创新实践岗位资助项目
2022-11-16
2022-11-16
2022-11-16