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适宜步行的城市环境不仅仅包含连续、优美且尺度宜人的步行空间,适宜的温度、风速同样深刻影响着人们在城市中的行走体验。近年来,受全球气候变化的影响,以伦敦、巴黎、布鲁塞尔、巴塞罗那等为代表的高密度欧洲城市出现了过于炎热、寒冷或强风等不适宜的城市微气候,严重影响甚至迫使人们减少或避免在相关城市空间中的步行等户外活动。同时,针对可步行城市的大量既有研究侧重分析城市步行环境中的物质要素及其内在机制,如景观、步行道宽度、休憩设施等,对影响人们户外活动时生理感受的城市微气候要素的研究较少,如温度和风速等。因此,在具体讨论和衡量人们在城市中的步行体验以及提升城市步行适宜性的过程中,是否存在一种新的微观气候治理逻辑值得探索。针对该问题,本文通过分析城市物质空间与城市微气候之间的交互影响,归纳总结出了两者之间的关联机制。进而提出一种行人尺度和以步行适宜性为导向的城市微气候管控策略及治理逻辑,来提升高密度、高强度城市建成区中人们步行时的生理感受,从另一角度优化高密度城市中的步行适宜性,促进以人为本的城市发展。
Abstract：Walkable urban environment not only contains continuous, beautiful and pleasant walking space, but also has a profound impact on people's walking experience in the city due to the appropriate temperature and wind speed. In recent years, under the influence of global climate change, unsuited urban microclimate including too hot or too cold weather or strong wind has seriously affected outdoor activities in European cities with high density, such as London, Paris, Brussels, Barcelona, which forced people to reduce or avoid activities including walking in related urban spaces with harsh microclimate environment. Simultaneously, a large number of existing studies in walkable research field are focusing on the analysis of the physical elements in the urban pedestrian environment, such as landscape, pedestrian path width, recreation facilities, and their internal mechanisms. However, there are few studies on the urban microclimate elements, such as temperature and wind speed, which affect people's physiological feelings in outdoor activities. Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore whether there is a microclimate governance logic in the specific discussion and measurement of people's walking experience and the improvement of walking suitability in cities. Based on this issue, this paper analyses the interaction between urban material space and urban microclimate, and summarizes the correlation mechanism between urban material environment and microclimate. Then, pedestrian-scaled and pedestrian-oriented urban microclimate control strategy and governance logic are proposed to improve pedestrians' physiological feelings during the walking process in high-density urban built environment. In addition, this is to optimize walking suitability in high-density cities and to promote the development of human-oriented city from another view.
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(1)由德国美因茨大学(University of Mainz Germany)的迈克尔·布鲁斯(Michael Bruse)开发的多功能城市微气候仿真系统软件，目前被应用于模拟住区室外风环境、城市热岛效应及室内自然通风等方面的研究。
(1)水蒸气分压：是指空气中，水蒸气单独占有的湿空气的容积，并具有与湿空气相同的温度时，所产生的压力。
(2)clo，即克罗，是一种计量单位，指在温度为21℃时，一个人在静止的状态下，以生理舒适为标准时所需衣服的保温值。
(3)建筑密度是指所有建筑基地面积与总用地面积的百分比，基于建筑密度的实验模型为：在200 m×200 m的方形用地内，建筑单体的基底面积为20 m×20 m，依次按照4×4、5×5、6×6、7×7、8×8的组合等距排列，建筑高度均为20 m，则其建筑密度依次应为16%、25%、36%、49%、64%，基本能够反映城市内常见的建筑密度的水平。
(4)平均高度指一定范围的地块内所有建筑高度的平均值，用所有建筑高度的总和除以建筑个数所得值来表示。基于平均高度的实验模型为：建筑按照5×5的组合等距排列，建筑密度均为25%，建筑高度依次为20 m、40 m、60 m和80 m。
(5)围合度是指一定范围的地块内所有外侧建筑沿路的边长之和与整个地块边线长的比值。街区的围合度是一个街区建筑空间开放程度的重要表征，能够反映街区内部空间的视线可达性和公众可达性的综合程度，围合度越小表明该街区的开放程度越高，反之亦然。基于围合度的实验模型为：建筑高度保持20 m不变，外围建筑采用4×4、5×5、6×6、7×7的建筑等距布局，内部同样布局4个等距建筑，控制内部建筑空间环境不变，外侧的建筑围合度变化。
(1)城市风环境的“狭管效应”是由于高密度城市中道路两旁的建筑之间相邻较近，且道路两旁建筑高度较高所形成的街道峡谷，当风进入或遇到这类相对狭窄的街谷时，由于下沉风受建筑及狭窄的通道的阻挡，造成气流的挤压，从而形成湍流、涡流及瞬时强风等不良风环境效应。
(1)风墙效应是由于高密度的城市建筑布局模式，或大体量的建筑形态所导致的对于城市中风流通的阻挡效应。
基本信息:
中图分类号:TU984
引用信息:
[1]西蒙·马尔温,杨俊宴,郑屹,等.关联·机制·治理：基于微气候评价的高密度城市步行适宜性环境营造研究[J].国际城市规划,2019,34(05):16-26.
2019-10-19
2019-10-19