国际城市规划

参考文献

[1] Charles Tilly. (1974) The Chaos of the Living City in Tilly, ed. An Urban World, Boston: Little Brown, 87.

[2] Kevin Lynch. (1981) A Theory of Good City Form. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 218.

[3] Alain Touraine. (1978) La Voix et le Regard. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 45.

[1]关于技术和经济决定论的批判,参见David Harvey. (1973) Social Justice and the City (London: Edward Arnold); John Friedmann and Robert Wulff. (1976) The Urban Transition (London: Edward Arnold); Stephen Gale, ed. (1977) The Manipulated City (Chicago: Maaroufa Press); Peter Saunders. (1979) Urban Politics: A Sociological Interpretation (London: Hutchinson); Michael Harloe, ed. (1977) Captive Cities (Chichester: John Wiley); Ray Pahl. (1975) Whose City? (Harmondsworth: Penguin); Joe R. Feagin, ed. (1979) The Urban Scene: Myth and Reality (New York: Random House, 2nd revised edition); Norman Fainstein and Susan Fainstein, eds. (1982) Urban Policy under Capitalism (Beverly Hills: Sage, Urban Affairs Annual Review); Michael Harloe and Elizabeth Lebas, eds. (1981) City, Class and Capita] (London: Edward Arnold, 1981, Particularly 83-113,161-90,215-60, and 277-300);以及Glenn Yago. (1980) The Decline of Public Transit in the US and Germany (Madison: University of Wisconsin, Ph. D. Thesis in Sociology, 1980, Unpublished),书中他举了几个惊人的例子,说明美国和德国的交通政策如何受制于社会和政治因素而不是技术因素。

[2]对传统都市空间理论的批判早在卡斯特的《城市问题》中有所发展,特别是第五和第八章。关于更多的对空间生产的传统社会-政治手段的批判,参见Edward W. Soja. (1980) The Socio-Spatial Dialectic. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70, 207-25; John Friedmann and Clyde Weaver. (1979) Territory and Function: The Evolution of Regional Planning (London: Edward Arnold); Enzo Mingione. (1981) Social Conflict and the City (Oxford: Basil Blackwell); Chris Pickvance. (1979) Marxist Approaches to the Study of Urban Politics, in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1(1): 218-55; and Ivan Szeleny. (1981) Structural Changes and Alternatives to Capitalist Development in the Contemporary Urban and Regional System in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, 5(1): 1-15.

[3] Manuel Castells. (1969) Theorie et Ideologic en Sociologie Urbain in Sociologie et Societes, 2; for More Recent Development, see Michael Dear and Allen Scott, eds. (1981) Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society (London: Methuen).

[4]关于都市政策多元理论的经典展示,参见Edward Banfield and James R. Wilson. (1963) City Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press); Banfield. (1970) The Unheavenly City (Boston: Little, Brown); Terry Clark. (1963) Community Power and Political Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press); and Alan Altshuler. (1965) The City Planning Process (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).

[1] William A. Gamson. (1975) The Strategy of Social Protest (Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1975, 6(9): 133).

[2]关于多元理论意识形态假定的批判,参见Caslells. (1969) The Urban Question, Chapter 11. Also Castells, Towards a Political Urban Sociology in Michael Harloe, ed., Captive Cities. In fact, Most of the Arguments Had Already been Developed in Castells, Vers une Theorie Sociologique de la Planification Urbaine in Sociologie du Travail, 4.

[3] David O' Brien. (1975) Neighborhood Organization and Interest Group Processes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 175).

[4]关于集体消费重要性的结构根基的分析,参见Ian Gougb．(1979)The Political Economy of the Welfare State(London:Macmillan);关于集体消费和都市问题之间关系的持续争辩的相关表述,参见Peter Saunders．(1981)Social Theory and the Urban Question(London:Hutchinson,1981,Chapter 6);关于集体消费和都市政策之间联系的表述,参见Castells．(1975)Collective Consumption and Urban Contradictions in Advanced Capitalism in L．Lindberg,et a1．,eds．,Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism(Lexington:Heath);关于我们所讨论主题的高水平批判,参见Ray Pahl．(1978)Castells and Collective Consumption, Sociology,12,309-15;See Also Roger Benjamin．(1980)The Limits of Politics:Collective Goods and Political Change in Post-Industrial Societies(Chicago:Chicago University Press)．

[5] Mancur Olson. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).

[6]同上,第14-16页

[7] Michael Lipsky. (1968) Protest As A Political Resource in American Political Science Review, 62,4; also See Lipsky. (1970) Protest in City Politics: Rent Strikes, Housing and the Power of the Poor (Chicago: Rand McNally).

[8] John Mollenkopf. (1983) The Politics of Urban Development in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

[1] See for Example: Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979). Alain Touraine. (1973) Production de la Societe (Paris: Seuil); Maurice Zeitlin, ed. (1980) Classes, Class Conflict and the State (Englewood Cliffs: Winthrop); Seymour Martin Lipset. (1981) Political Man (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981, New Enlarged Edition); Colin Crouch and Alessandro Pizzorno, eds. (1977) The Resurgence of Class Conflict in Europe Since 1968 (London: Macmillan, 2).

[2]关于社会运动和政治系统之间层次区别的分析,参见Alain Touraine La Voix et le Regard,Chapter 5．

[3] Nicos Poulantzas. (1978) L'Etat, Le Pouvoir, Le Socialisme (Paris: PUF).

[4] Perre Birnbaum. (1982) La Logique de l'Btat (Paris: Fayard).

[5]关于革命运动和政党之间关系的分析,参见Christine Buci-Glucksman and Goran Therborn．(1981)Le Defi Social-Democrate(Paris:Maspero)．

[6]关于自治社会运动对打开政治系统转变之路必要性的认识,参见The Courageous Book by Pietro Ingrao, Crisi e Terza Via (Roma: Editori Riuniti, 1978).

[7]关于资本主义国家内的社会改革的可能性和局限性,参见Ralph Miliband. (1969) The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books); and Norberto Bobbio. (1976) Esiste Una Dotrina Marxista Dello Stato? in Rome: Mondoperaio, May; also Erik O. Wright. (1978) Class, Crisis and the State (London: New Left Books); and Allan Wolfe. (1981) The Limits of Legitimacy (New York and West Drayton: Collier Macmillan).

[8]关于多元政治理论的批判以及马克思主义启发下的政治理论的贡献和不足,参见

[9] Seymour Martin Lipset. (1977) Why No Socialism in the United States in Seweryin Bialer and Sophia Sluzar, eds., Sources of Contemporary Radicalism (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 121).

[10] Gamson. Social Protest, 138.

[11]同上,第142页．

[12] Anthony Oberschall. (1973) Social Conflict and Social Movements (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall).

[13] Roberta Ash. (1972) Social Movements in America (Chicago: Markham).

[1] Alberto Melucci. (1976) L' Azione Ribelle: Formazione e Struttura dei Movimenti Sociali' in Melucci, ed., Movimenti de Rivolta: Teorie e Forme dell. Azione Collettiva (Milan: Etas Libri, 17).

[2] Alberto Melucci. (1976) Sistema Politico, Partiti e Movimenti Sociali (Milan: Feltrinelli); also Alain Touraine, Production de la Societe.

[3] Frances F. Piven and Richard A. Cloward. (1977) Poor People' s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Pantheon Books).

[4]同上,第1页。

[5]同上,第36页。

[6] Henri Lefebvre. (1972) La Pens'ee Marxiste et la Ville (Paris: Casterman).

[7] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. L' Ideologic Allemande (Written in 1845-46, First Published in Moscow, 1932; Paris: Les Editions Sociales, 1962). English Edition, The German Ideology (New York: International Publishers, 1939).

[8] Karl Marx. Grundrisse (Translation in French by Dangeville), First Integral Edition in French, Paris: Anthropos, 1968. English Edition, Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of the Political Economy (New York: Vintage Books, 1973).

[9] Friedrich Engels. La Question du Logement (Paris: Editions Sociales, 1964 Written 1872,); English Edition (New York: International Publishers, Marxist Library, Volume 23). For Our Critique of Engels, Madrid: Argumentos, July 1979,6-20.

[10] Friedrich Engels. La Situation de la Classe Ouvriere en Angleterre (First Published 1845; This Edition, Paris: Editions Sociales, 1960); English Edition, The Condition of the Working Class in England (London: George Allen Unwin, 1950).

[1] Lefebvre. La Pens'ee, 25.

[2] Henri Lefebvre. (1968) Le Droit a la Ville (Paris: Anthropos).

[3] Manuel Castells. Y a-t-il une Soeiologie Urbaine? Sociologie (May 1969); Sociologie Urbaine (1969); and Structures Sociales et Processus d'Urbanisation, Annales (September 1970).

[4]非常详细的分析可参考Sharon Zukin. The Cutting Edge: A Decade of the New Urban Sociology in Theory and Society, 1980, 9: 575-601; See also John Walton. The New Urban Sociology in International Social Science Journal, 1981, 33(2).

[5] Saunders. Social Theory.

[6] Alain Lipietz. (1976) Le Capital et Son Espace (Paris: Maspero).

[7]可参考Christian Topalov. (1974) Les Promoteurs Immobiliers (Paris: Mouton); Doreen Massey and Alexandra Catalano. (1978) Capital and Land, (London: Edward Arnold).

[8] Jean Lojkine. (1977) Le Marxisme, L' Etat et la Question Urbaine (Paris: PUF).

[9] Collective author. (1971) Le Capitalisme Monopoliste d' Etat: Trait' e Marxiste d' Economie Politique (Paris: Editions Sociales).

[10] Jean Lojkine. (1973) La Politique Urbaine Dans la Region Parisienne (Paris: Mouton).

[11] Jean Lojkine et al. (1975) La Politique Urbaine Dans la Region Lyonnaise (Paris: mouton).

[12] Danielle Bleitrach, Jean Lojkine, Ernest Oary, Roland Delacroix and Christian Mahieu. (1981) Classe Ouvriere et Social-Democratie: Lille et Marseille (Paris: Editions Sociales).

[13]如果把这些观察视作对过去我们这一方错误的个人反抗也是不对的。我们没有与法国共产党合作过,法国共产党人也认为我在意识形态上过于理想化,政治上是一名独立的左派人士。在我们和法国典产党人的研究者保持着学术关系的同时(他们大多数作品出版于我们编辑的系列丛书中),我们也公开批判他们对城市化采取的经济主义手段。

[14] Manuel Castells. (1973) Luttes Urbaines (Paris: Maspero).

[15] Manuel Castells and Francis Godard. (1974) Monopolville: L'Entreprise, l'Etat, l'Urbain (Paris: Mouton).

[1] Manuel Castells. (1978) Eddy Cherki, Francis Godard, Dominique Mehl, Crise du Logement et Mouvements Sociaux Urbains: Enquete sur la Region Parisienne (Paris, Mouton).

[2] Karl Marx and F. Engels. The German Ideology, As Cited by Lefebvre, La Pens 'ee, 34.

[3] Rosa Luxembourg. L' Accumulation du Capital (First Published 1912; This Edition, Paris: Maspero, 1967, Vol. 2).

[4] Rosa Luxembourg, Greves, Partis, Syndicats (First Published 1909; This Edition, Paris: Maspero, 1966).

[5] As Shown in the Brilliant Book by Christine Buci-Glucksman, Gramsci et l'Etat (Paris: Fayard, 1975).

[6]关于我们揭示的马克思主义理论中政党的关键作用的看法,参见Le Teoria Marxism de las Clases Sociales in Raul Benitez et al., Las Clases Sociales en America Latina (Mexico: Siglo XXI, 1973); also See the Theoretical Introduction to Our, La Lucha de Clases en Chile.

[7]关于马克思主义政治理论的理解性揭示,参见Hal Draper. (1977) Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Vol. 1 :State and Bureaucracy (New York: Monthly Review Press).

[1] Manuel Castells. Collective Consumption and Urban Contradictions in Advanced Capitalism in N. L. Lindberg, ed., Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism.

[2] Henri Lefebvre. (1971) La Revolution Urbaine (Paris: Gallimard).

[3] Richard Sennett. The Fall of Public Man: The Social Psychology of Capitalism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977; Vintage Books Edition, 1978, Particularly Chapters 3,6, and 7); also Richard Sennett. (1970) Families Against the City: Middle Class Homes of Industrial Chicago, 1872-1890 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).

[4] Jean Remy and Liliane Voye. (1981) Ville, Ordre et Violence (Paris: PUF).

[5] Neil J. Smelser. (1963) Theory of Collective Behavior (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe).

[6]同上,第10章。

[7] See Charles Tilly. (1976) Major Forms of Collective Action in Western Europe 1500-1975, Theory and Society, 3(3); and Particularly the Book from Which This Article was Extracted, Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution. (Reading Mass.: Addison Wesley, 1977).

[8] Ira Katznelson. (1981) City Trenches, Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (New York: Pantheon Books).

[9] Norman Fainstein and Susan Fainstein. (1974) Urban Political Movements: The Search for Power by Minority Groups in American Cities (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall).

[10] John Rex and Robert Moore. (1967) Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (Oxford: OUP).

[1] Particularly Chris Pickvance On the Study of Urban Social Movements, in Pickvance, ed., Urban Sociology: Critical Essays (London: Tavistock, 1976),

[2] Jordi Borja. (1974) Estructura Urbana y Movimientos Urbanos (Barcelona: Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Department de Geografia).

[3] Lynch. Good City Form.

[4]关于我们与克劳德·费希尔的对话的重要性,参见其最近的著作To Dwell Among Friends．

[5] Alain Touraine. (1976) La Voix et le Regard. La Societe Invisible (Paris: Seuil); Le Mouvement de Maioule Comnunisme Utopique (Paris: Seuil, 1968); and Sociolgie de l'Action (Paris: Seuil, 1965).

[6] Touraine. La Voix et le Regard, 49.

[7] Alain Touraine. (1977) Un Desir d' Histoire (Paris: Stock).

[8] Saunders. Social Theory; Walton. (1981) The New Urban Sociology; Castells. Y a-t-il Une Sociologie Urbaine?; and Sociologie Urbaine; also Claude Fischer. (1976) The Urban Experience (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich).

[1]Anthony Giddens坚持认为,人类经验的根本的时间-空间维度的社会变迁理论是社会活动的物质基础,无视这一点是错误的。参见Giddens．A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (London: Macmillan and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, Particularly, 129-156).

[2] Maurice Godelier. (1973) Horizons, Trajets Marxistes en Anthropologie (Paris: Maspero).

[3]参见Manfredo Tafuri. (1973) Progetto e Utopia, Architettura e Sviluppo Capitalistico (Rome and Ban: Laterza); also Tafuri. (1968) Teoriae e Storia Delia Architettura (Rome and Bari: Laterza).

[4] Katherine Burlen. (1975) L' Image Architecturale (Paris: Universite de Paris, Ph. D. Thesis in Sociology); also Henri Raymond et al. (1966) Les Povillonnaires (Paris: Centre de Recherche d'Urbanisme); and Philippe Boudon. (1971) Sur l'Architecture (Paris: Dunod).

[5] Edwin Panofsky. (1957) Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism (New York: Meridian Books).

[6] Kevin Lynch. (1960) The Image of the City (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press); and Lynch. (1972) What Time is This Place? (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).

[1] Susan Eckstein. (1977) The De-Bourgeoisement of Cuban Cities, in Irving L. Horowitz, ed., Cuban Communism (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books).

[2] Joseph Meliing, ed. (1980) Housing. Social Policy and the State (London: Croom Helm).

[3] Dolores Hayden. (1981) The Grand Domestic Revolution: A History of Feminist Designs for American Homes, Neighborhoods, and Cities (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press).

[1]心理分析理论(弗洛伊德)发现,人类经验的形成和性格构成过程中,两性-性别扮演了关键角色。但是由于它忽视了男人控制女人这一点,它很难建立起与社会变迁分析的联系,直到1960年代女权运动为原版心理分析框架奠定了基础,在这个框架中性别和两性角色不对称地组织起来,与整个社会结构相连。

[2]这是马克思和恩格斯关于人类知识历史的主要理论贡献。

[3]在这里,马克斯·韦伯是我们理解社会构造中国家自治和所扮演的关键角色的理论奠基人。

[4]关于所谓的社会主义国家中出现的新的生产模式的广泛讨论,参见Rudolf Bahro．(1979)L’Alternative(Paris:Stock)．

[5] Goran Therbom. (1977) What does the Ruling Class do When it Rules? (London: New Left Books); Claus Offe. Lo Stato nel Capitalismo Maturo (Milan: Etas Libri, 1977, Original in German, 1975); James O' Connor. (1973) The Fiscal Crisis of the State (New York: St. Martin's Press); and Erik O. Wright. (1978) Class, Crisis and the State (London: New Left Books).

[6] Giorgy Konrad and Ivan Szelenyi. (1979) The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich).

[7] Henri Lefebvre. De l'Etat (Paris: Editions 10/18, 1976, Vol. 4).

[8]关于这个主题的讨论,参见Perry Anderson．(1974)Lineages of the Absolutist State(London:New Left Books)．

[9]我们在这里利用的关于生产模式和发展模式的区分是根据Touraine,La Voix et le Regard,133 and Following提出的思路做出的。

[10]关于工作过程中能量和信息的一般接合条件的有益讨论,参见Jacques Attali．(1976)La Parole et l’Outil(Paris:PUF)．

[11]关于生产力资源的演化的一些基本讨论,参见Robert Solow. Technical Changes and the Aggregate Production Function, Review of Economics and Statistics (August 1957); Edward F. Denison. (1979) Accounting for Slower Economic Growth (Washington DC: The Brookings Institution); Jacques Attali. (1978) La Nouvelle Economie Francaise (Paris: Flammarion); Larry Hirschorn. (1974) Toward a Political Economy of the Service Society (Berkeley: Institute of Urban and Regional Development, Working Paper 229); Victor Fuchs. (1968) The Service Economy (New York: Columbia University Press); Richard Meier. (1956) Science and Economic Development (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press); and Lester C. Thurow. (1980) The Productivity Problem. Technology Review, 83(2).

[1] 94John K. Galbraith. (1967) The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin); and Alfre Chandler. (1977) The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).

[1] Nieos Poulantzas. (1968) Pouvoir Politique et Classes Sociales (Paris: Maspero).

[2] See the work by Anouar Abdel-Malek to reestablish the autonomous role of national cultures in defining the paths of historical development. See, for instance, Abdel-Malek. (1969) Ideologie et Renaissance Nationale: L' Egypte Modeme (Paris: Anthropos); and, La Pensee Arabe Contemporaine (paris: Seuil, 1970); For an informed discussion of the literature on nations, see Jose Ramon Recalde, La Construccion de las Naciones (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1982).

[3]参见Charles Tilly. (1975) Reflections on the History of European State-Making in Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 3-84).

[4] George Haupt et al. (1974) Les Marxistes et la Question Nationale: Etudes et Textes 1848-1914 (Paris: Maspero).

[5]在批判种族概念的意识形态假定时,我们根据的是Claude Levi-Strauss的传统理论。

[6] Ira Katznelson. City Trenches; and Black Men. (1973) White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-30 and Britain, 1948-68 (New York: OUP).

[7] Fernand Braudel. Civilisation Mat'erielle; and La Mediterran'ee et le Monde Mediterranen a L'Epoque de Philippe II (Paris: Armand Colin, 1949); English Translation, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (London: Collins, 1972-3, Vol. 2).

[8] Immanuel Wallerstein. (1974) The Modem World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press); also, The Capitalist World Economy (New York: CUP, 1979).

[9]参见O. Bergesen ed. (1980) Studies of the Modern World System (New York: Academic Press); also Folder Frobel, Jurgein Heinrichs, and Otto Kreye. (1980) The New International Division of Labour (Cambridge: CUP).

[1]参见Stephen H. Hymer. (1976) The International Operation of Multinational Finns (Cambridge Mass: MIT Press).

[2] In the Perspective Defined by Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Desarrollo y Dependencia en America Latina (Mexico: Siglo XXI, 1969).

[3]参见Peter Hall. (1966) The World Cities (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson); Hall, ed. (1977) Europe 2000 (New York: Columbia University Press); Otis D. Duncan et al. (1964) Metropolis and Region (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press); and David Harvey. (1978) The Urban Process Under Capitalism International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2(1): 101-32.

[1]参见Allan Pred. (1997) City-Systems in Advanced Economies: Past Growth, Present Processes and Future Development Options (New York: John Wiley); and Robert B. Cohen, The New International Division of Labor: Multinational Corporations and Urban Hierarchy in Michael Dear and Allen Scott, eds., Urbanization and Urban Planning, 287-315.

[2]参见David Harvey. (1975) The Political Economy of Urbanization in Advanced Capitalist Countries: The Case of the US in Urban Affairs Annual Review (Beverly Hills: Sage Publication).

[3]参见The Collection of Essays Edited by Larry Sawyers and William Tabb, Marxism and the Metropolis (New York: OUP, 1977); Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. (1980) Capital and Communities (Washington, DC: The Progressive Alliance).

[4] Manuel Castells. (1981) Crisis Urbana y Cambio Social (Madrid and Mexico: Siglo XXI).

[5] Manuel Castells. City, Class and Power.

[6]参见John Mollenkopf. (1981) The North-East and the South-West: Paths Toward the Post-Industrial City in George Burchell and David Listokin, eds., Cities Under Stress (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University, Center of Urban Policy Research).

[7]这个演化过程很多年前就得到了预见,参见Richard Meier．(1962)A Communication Theory Of Urban Growth(Cambridge,Mass．:MIT Press)．

[8] Alvin Toffler以某种肤浅但颇有远见的态度,在其畅销书《第三次浪潮》中将这些主题普及开来(New York:William Morrow and Co．,1980)。关于起步中的新技术的简单描述,参见Adam Osborne．(1979)Running Wild:The Next Industrial Revolution(Berkeley:Osborne／McGraw Hill);also See James Martin．Telematic Society(Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Perntice Hall,1981;Earlier Version First Published,1978)．关于这个发展的空间影响的初步评估,参见Theomas M．Stanback．(1979)Understanding the Service Economy:Employment,Productivity,Location(Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press)．Ann Markusen的讲话中分析了新技术和空间重组之间的关系,我们从中获益匪浅,完成了关于区域政治经济的一部重要著作。

[9]正如Roger Friedland在他关于美国中心城市的分析一书“Crisis,Power and the City”所解释的那样。

[10]关于这个趋势的丰富研究成果,参见Anna Lee Saxenian关于硅谷——位于加州圣克拉拉县和斯坦福大学周边的世界上最大的微电子产业区的信息。参见Saxenian,Silicon Chips and Spatial Structure:The Industrial Basis of Urbanization in Santa Clara County;California(Berkeley:University of California, Department of City Planning,1980,Unpublished Master’s Thesis)．在与更加以城市为导向的管理和职业精英的联系中,这种文化模式似乎成为所谓的“回归城市运动”的基础,在美国可以看到中产阶级职员生活在都市生活较为活跃的地方。参见S．Laska and D．Spain,eds．(1980)Back to the City(New York: Pergamon Press)．

[1] See Ahmed Idris- Soven et al, eds, The World as a Company Town: Multinational Corporations and Social Change(The Hague : Mouton, 1978).

[2] Charles Tilly. From Mobilization to Revolution.

[3] Business Week 27 July 1981,58.

[1]参见Milton Santos. (1975) The Shared Space The Two Circuits of Urban Economy in the Underdeveloped Countries and Their Spatial Repercussions (London: Methuen).

[2]参见Alejandro Portes, Immigracion, Etnicidady dl Caso Cubano( Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, Unpublished Research Report, May 1981).

[3]参见Manuel Castells Multinational Capital.

[4]参见Stanback. Understanding the Service Economy.

[5]我们感谢旧金山州立大学广播和通讯系的Francoise Sabbah为我们提供的信息和意见。

[6] Manuel Castells. The Economic Crisis, and American Society.

[7] Roger Alcaly and David Mermelstein, eds. (1997) The Fiscal Crisis of American Cities (Mew York: Vintage Books).

[8]参见Conference of Socialist Economists' State Group, Struggles Over the Slate: Cuts and Restructuring in Contemporary Britain (London: CSE Books, 1979).

[9]参见Michael Harloe and Chris Paris. (1982) The Decollectivization of Consumption (Paper Delivered at the Tenth World Congress of Sociology, Mexico).

[10] Manuel Castells．(1975)Immigrant Workers and Class Struggle.Politics and Society,5(1)文章的全部分析,要经过Alejandro Portes正在进行的移民统计数据和历史研究的证实。Alejandro Portes是约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的社会学教授。

[11]参见Stanley Aronowitz. (1973) False Promises: The Shaping of American Working Class Consciousness (New York: McGraw Hill).

[12]参见Stephen Castles and Godula Kosack. (1973) Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe (Oxford: OUP).

[1]参见F．Fourquet and L．Murard．(1977)Les Equipements du Pouvoir(Paris:Christian Bourgois,10-18),or Murard and Patrick Zylbermann．(1976)Ville,Habitat et Inlimile(Paris:Recherches)．主要的理论来自于Michel Foucault的著作,正如他的Surveiller et Punir(Pairs:Gallimard,1975)所表述的那样。

[2] Jurgen Habermas. (1973) Legitimation Crisis (Boston: Beacon Hill).

[3] Michel Crozier, Samuel Huntington and J. Watanuk. (1975) The Crisis of Democracies: Report on the Governability of Democracies (New York: Columbia University Press).

[4]我们观察的是哥本哈根核心区的奥斯陆社区,位于原军队占领的建筑中,现在被荷兰强大的占屋运动所掌握。参见Gerard Anderiesen．(1981)Tanks in the Streets: The Groring Conflict Over Housing in Amsterdam, in international Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 5(1).

[5]为了更有把握,我们并不是指具体的社会而是指出了新的统治阶级的趋势。例如,里根政府强调地方政府在解除福利国家和支持郊区种族隔离的保守势力方面的作用。但是当地方政府通过了租金控制法案后,共和党都市工作组威胁他们要从联邦资金中退出。

[6]参见Margit Mayer. Urban Squatters in Germany. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Forthcoming.

[7] Manuel Castells. Local Government Urban Crisis and Political Change. In Political Power and Social Theory, A Research Annual (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1981, Vol. 2).

[8] Rafaella Nanetti, Citizen Participation and Neighborhood Councils in Bologna (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Department of Political Science, 1977, Unpublished Ph.D, Thesis).

[1]“自我折扣”——一场发生于1974至1975年的意大利社会运动,目标是拒绝支付大城市中公共服务的全部税额,要求根据他们自己认为公正的水准打折。

[2] Monique Dagnaud and Dominique Mehl. (1981) Des Contestataires Comme II Fart (Paris: Autrement, February); and, also by the Same Authors, Profil de la Nouvelle Gauche, Revue Francaise de Science Politique, 1981, 31(2).

[1] Katznelson. City Trenches.

[2] John Rex. (1978) The City, Castells and Althusser. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2(3): 566-69.

[3] John Foster. (1979) How Imperial London Preserved its Slums. International Journal of Urban and Regional Resgearch, 1979,3(1): 93-114; and also His Book, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: Early Capitalism in Three English Towns (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974).

[1] Manucl Castells. (1979) The Wild City. In Joe R. Feagin, ed., The Urban Scene, Myth and Reality (New York: Random House).

[1]我们关于世界不同区域都市运动的信息和观念有三个来源:1、呈现在本书里的10年来我们所做的研究;2、来自于书面材料,既有学术资料也有文献资料,脚注里注明了一部分这样的资源;3、来自于这一时间跨度内我们和不同城市的都市运动接触、交流和争辩的结果。尽管这些接触没有系统性并带有政治特征,不作为我们研究的手段,但是在我们确认一种直到最近才子以公开的现象的真实性和快速发展时,这种接触扮演了重要的角色。大部分接触是在对我们的早期工作感兴趣(尽管总体而言持批评态度)的都市运动的要求下发生的。我们曾经和下述国家和城市的都市运动领导人和成员进行过接触:蒙特利尔(1969)、芝加哥(1969)、巴黎(1970—1974)、Grumble(1970)、敦刻尔克(197l-1973)、智利(1970—1972)、圣西哥(1971,1976, 1982)、米兰(1972)、巴塞罗那(1973,1974,1976)、那不勒斯(1973)、都灵(1973)、罗马(1974,1977)、日内瓦(1973,1974)、洛桑(1974)、布鲁塞尔(1974, 1976)、法兰克福(1974)、里斯本(1974)、纽约(1975)、波士顿和剑桥(1975,1976)、旧金山(1975)、旧金山海湾地区(1979-1982)、加利福尼亚州圣莫尼卡(1979-1982)、芝加哥(1975,1977,1980)、哥本哈根(1976)、西班牙(1977-1980)、阿姆斯特丹(1979)、加拉加斯(1979,1982)、尼加拉瓜(1981)、里约内热卢(1981)、厄瓜多尔(1981)、辛辛那提(1982)和巴西(1982)。信息和分析取自于在多种背景下的与都市运动的对话,这对于形成我们的看法和指导我们的主题研究是决定性的。为回应这些人对我们的信任,我们总是提供给他们我们收集的其他地方的信息,并交换我们自己的想法和经历。我们也希望本书能够从更系统的角度来阐述我们这些年来与不同国家社团领导共同关心的问题。

[2]关于世界不同区域的都市运动的动力、安排者和影响,参见E. Cherie, D. Meal, A. M. Metairie Urban Protest Movements in Western Europe in C. Crouch and A. Pizzorno, eds., The Resurgence of Class Struggle in Western Europe since 1968 (London: Macmillan, 1976, Vol. 2); Gianni Cretella, Antimo Farro, Maurizio Marcelloni, Piero Delia Seta, Lotte Urbane nel Capitalismo Svilupatto: L' Esperienza Italiana (Milan: Savelli, 1980); Mario Boffi et al. (1972) Citta e Conflitto Sociale (Milan Feltrinelli); Mattel et al. (1975) Le Lotte de Casa a la Casa a Firenze (Roma: Savelli); Andreina Daolio, ed. (1974) Le Lotte Per la Casa in Italia (Milan Feltrinelli); Giuliano Delia Pergola. (1974) Diritto alla Citta e Lotte Urbane (Milan: Feltrinelli,); M. Castells, E. Cherki, F. Godard, D. Mehl. (1974) Sociologie des Mouvements Sociaux, Urbains: Enquete sur la Region Parisienne (Paris: Centre d'Etudes des Mouvements Sociaux, 1974, Vol. 2); E. Cherki and D. Mrhl. (1977) Les Nouveaux Embarras de Paris (Paris: Maspero); Colloque de Recherche Urbaine, Am'eangemas Urbain et Mouvements Sociaux (Paris: Centre de Rechershe d'Urbanisme, 1978); Nguyen Duc Nhuan. (1975) Revendicatons Urbaines: Etude sur les Luttes Men'ees par les Groupes Sociaux Residentiels (Paris:Centre de Sociologie Urbaine); Special Issues of the Journal Espaces et Socieites (Paris, 1973,6-7 and 1974,9); Margit Mayer. (1981) Through the Eye of the Needle: Everyday Life, Political Conflict and the Citizens. Initiatives Movement in West Germany (Frankfurt: Institut fur England-und Amerika Studien der JWG-Universitat Frankfurt, 1981 Unpublished Report); Gerard Anderiesen. (1981) Tanks in the Streets: the Growing Conflict Over Housing in Amsterdam in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 5(1); Special Issue of the Journal Contradictions Les Luttes Urbaines a Bruxelles (Brussels: Editions Contradictions, 1975); Two Special Issues on Urban Social Movements of the journal Jano-Aruqtectura, Movimientos Sociales Urba-nos-I (July-August 1976); and Movimientos Sociales Urbanos -2 (September -October 1976, Barcelona: Ediciones Boyma); Charles Downs. (1980) Downs, Community Organization and Political Change in Revolutionary Portugal, 1974-1976 (Berkeley: University of California, Department of City and Regional Planning, Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis); Jordi Borja. (1975) Que Son las Asociaciones de Vecinos (Barcelona: La Gaya Ciencia); Jordi Borja. (1975) Movimiemos Sociales Urbanos (Buenos Aires: SIAP); Ron Bailey. (1973) The Squatters (Harmondsworth: Penguin); P. Leonard, ed. (1975) The Sociology of Community Action (Sociological Review Monograph, 21); R, Kraus Haar. (1979) Pragmatic Radicalism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 3(1):61-80;M. Harloe, ed. (1978) Proceedings of the Conference on Urban Change and Conflict, 1977 (London: Centre for Environmental Studies): K. Young and J. Kramer. (1978) Strategy and Conflict in Metropolitan Housing (London: Heinemann); Peter Marris. (1982) Meaning and Action (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul); Brian Elliott and David McCrone. (1981) Power and Protest in the City in Michael Harloe, ed. New Perspectives in Urban Change and Conflict (London: Heinemann); Special Issue of the Journal Social Policy Special Issue on Organizing Neighborhoods, (Social Policy Corporation, New York: Social Policy, 10,2 September-October 1979); Janice Perlman. (1976) Grassrooting the System in Social Policy, September-October 1976, 4-20; Ted Wusocki et al. (1977) Neighborhoods First: From the 70' s into the 80's (Chicago: National Training and Information Center); John M. Goering. (1979) The National Neighborhood Movement: A Preliminary Analysis and Critique. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4): 506-515; John Mollenkopf. (1975) The Postwar Politics of Urban Development. Politics and Society, 1975, 5(3): 247-295; John Mollenkopf. (1981) Neighborhood Political Development and the Politics of Urban Growth: Boston and San Francisco 1958-78. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981,5(1): 15-45; Marilyn Gittell. (1980) Limits to Citizen Participation: The Decline of Community Organizations (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications); Norman Fainstein and Susan Fainstein. (1976) The Future of Community Control. American Political Science Review, 905-932; Harry C. Boyte. (1980) The Backyard Revolution: Understanding the New Citizen Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press); Gilda Haas and Allan David Heskin. (1981) Community Struggles in Los Angeles in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 4,546-565; Allan David Heskin. (1981) The History of Tenants in the United States: Struggle and Ideology. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981,5(1): 178-205; Mike Miller. (1981) Community Organization USA: The View from the Movement in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, 5(4): 565-573; Robert Fisher and Peter Romanofsky. eds. (1981) Community Organization for Urban Social Change: An Historical Perspective (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press). John Walton. (1979) Urban Political Movements and Revolutionary Change in the Third World. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 1979, 5(1); Jorge Montano. (1976) Los' Pobres de la Ciudad en los Asentamientos Espontaneos (Mexico: Siglo XXI); Paul Singer and Vinicus Caldeira Brandt, eds. (1981) Sao Paulo: O Povo em Movimiento (Petropolis: Vozes); Paulo Sandroni As Greves Civicas Como Forma de Luta de Massas na Colombia: de Rojas Pinilla (1953-57) ao Pequeno 'Bogotazo', (1977), Espaco e Debates (Cortez Editora, Sao Paulo), 1981, 1(3): 91-117; Pedro Jacobi. (1981) Movimientos Populares Urbanos e Resposta do Estadox: Autonomia e Controle Popular vs. Cooptacao e Clientelismo (Sao Paulo: Nucleo de Estudos Regionais e Urbanos, 1981, Unpublished Report); Pedro Jacobi. (1981) Desigualdade no Consumo Coletivo e Eclosao de Movimentos Populares Urbanos (Sao Paulo: Nucleo de Estudos Regionais e Urbanos, 1981, Unpublished Report); CEDEC, ed., Contradicao Urbana e Movimientos Sociais (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1977); Leda Lucia dos Reis Falcao de Queiroz, Movimiento Amigos de Bairro de Nova Iguacu: O Povo Exige Passagem (Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 1981, Unpublished Master Thesis in Engineering); Carlos Larrea-Maldonado. (1979) Movimientos Sociales Urbanos en America Latina: Integracion y Ruptura Politica (Quito: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Research Report, 1979).

[1] Remember David Riessman. (1950) The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character. New Haven: Yale University Press.

[1]Harry C.Boyte．The Backyard Revolution对此作了一些回顾。

[2]参见Herbert I. Schiller. (1969) Mass Communications and the American Empir, Boston: Beacon Press.

[1]Fernand Braudel．(1967)Civilisation Mat’erielle et Capitalisme．Paris:Armand Colin,1;引用部分来自于英文翻译(首次出版于伦敦):Weidenfeld and Nicolson; 1973,1,396-8,这里引用Braudel的术语是“城镇”(town)。而在原来的法文版本里,他用的词是“la ville”,英译为“城镇”或“城市”。不过在Braudel的理论脉络里,“la ville”理应意为“城市”。请注意扩大的新版法文版本Braudel Civilisation Materielle,Economie et Capitalisme,15c-18c Siecles(Paris:Armand Colin:1979,3);以及英译的前两卷(London:Collins,1981 and 1982,Third Volume Forthcoming)．

[1] Kevin Lynch. A Theory of Good City Form, 235.

[2]同上,第324页。