| 2,407 | 153 | 27 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
本研究试图全面客观地衡量城市街道环境的与人们感受有关的品质。使用专家小组评级的方法,使得根据街道及其边缘的物质环境特征来衡量城市设计的五个品质——意象、围合空间、人的尺度、透明度和复杂性——成为可能。可操作的定义并不总与定性的定义相一致,可操作定义针对城市设计品质(urban design qualities)的性质提供了新见解。本研究的直接目的是为研究者提供(这五个城市设计品质的)可操作性定义,这样他们可以测量街道环境并测试其与步行行为之间的显著性联系。纽约市目前正在进行验证研究。最终目的是,根据本研究和其他后续研究的成果,来指导城市设计实践。
Abstract：This study attempts to comprehensively and objectively measure subjective qualities of the urban street environment.Using ratings from an expert panel,it was possible to measure five urban design qualities in terms of physical characteristics of streets and their edges:imageability,enclosure,human scale,transparency and complexity.The operational definitions do not always comport with the qualitative definitions,and provide new insights into the nature of these urban design qualities.The immediate purpose of this study is to arm researchers with operational definitions they can use to measure the street environment and test for significant associations with walking behaviour.A validation study is currently underway in New York City.Depending on the outcome of this and other follow-up research,the ultimate purpose would be to inform urban design practice.
[1]Active Living by Design(Albd)(Undated).Active Living by Design:Increasing Physical Activity Through Community Design.Available at http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/(Accessed28December2005).
[2]Alexander C.A City is not a Tree[J].Architectural Forum,1965,122(1&2):58-62.
[3]Alexander C,Ishikawa S,Silverstein M.A Pattern Language?—Towns Buildings Construction[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1977.
[4]Appleyard D.Why Buildings are Known[J].Environment and Behavior,1969(1):131-156.
[5]Arnold H.Trees in Urban Design[M].New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold,1993.
[6]Blumenfeld H.Scale in Civic Design[J].Town Planning Review,1953,24,April:35-46.
[7]Centers for Disease Control(CDC).About Healthy Places.Available at http://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/about.htm(Accessed28December2005).
[8]City of Davis(CA)(Undated).Davis Downtown and Traditional Residential Neighborhood Design Guidelines.Appendix:129.Available at www.city.davis.ca.us/pb/design/pdfs/final-appendix.Pdf
[9]City of Denver(CO),1993.Streetscape Design Manual:46.Available at www.denvergov.org/admin/template3/forms/streetscape.pdf
[10]City of Raleigh(NC),2002.Urban Design Guidelines.Raleigh Comprehensive Plan:3-5.31.Available at www.raleigh-nc.org/planning/CP/text/Chapter_03/PART%205%20URBAN%20DESIGN%20GUI DELINES.PDF
[11]City of San Jose(CA),2004.Downtown Design Guidelines:69.Available at www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/dg_downtown.pdf
[12]Clemente O,Ewing R,Handy S,Brownson R.Measuring Urban Design Qualities—An Illustrated Field Manual.Princeton,NJ:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,2005.Available at http://www.activelivingresearch.org/downloads/fieldmanual_071605.pdf
[13]Cullen G.The Concise Townscape[M].London:Reed Educational and Professional Publishing,1961.
[14]Duany A,Plater-Zyberk E.The Second Coming of the American Small Town[J].Wilson Quarterly,1992(16):19-48.
[15]Elshestaway Y.Urban Complexity:Toward the Measurement of the Physical Complexity of Streetscapes[J].Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,1997(14):301-316.
[16]Evans G W,Smith C,Pezdah K.Cognitive Maps and Urban form[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1982,48(2):232-244.
[17]Ewing R.Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design.Tallahaseee,FL:Florida Department of Transportation,1996.
[18]Ewing R.Asking Transit Users About Transit-oriented Design[J].Transportation Research Record,2000(1735):19-24.
[19]Ewing R,King M,Raudenbush S&Clemente O.Turning Highways into Main Streets:Two Innovations in Planning Methodology[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2005a(71),:269-282.
[20]Ewing R,Clemente O,Handy S,Brownson R&Winston E.Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability—Final Report[R].Princeton,NJ:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,2005b.Available at www.activelivingresearch.org/downloads/finalreport_071605.pdf
[21]Ewing R,Handy S,Brownson R,Clemente O,Winston E.Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability[J].Journal of Physical Activity and Health,2006(3):S223-S240.
[22]Gehl J.Life Between Buildings-Using Public Space.New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold,1987.
[23]Handy S.Regional versus Local Accessibility:Variations in Suburban Form and the Effects on Nonwork Travel[D].Unpublished Dissertation,University of California Berkeley,1992.
[24]Health,Society News.Aesthetic Features of Pedestrian-friendly Cities,2006,2(4):1,6.New York,Columbia University.
[25]Heath T,Smith S,Lim B.The Complexity of Tall Building Facades[J].Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,2000,17(3):206-220.
[26]Hedman R.Fundamentals of Urban Design.Chicago,IL:American Planning Association,1984.
[27]Jacobs A.Great Streets[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1993.
[28]Jacobs A,Appleyard D.Toward an Urban Design Manifesto[J]Journal of the American Planning Association,1987(53):112-120.
[29]Jacobs J.The Death and Life of Great American Cities[M].New York:Random House,1961.
[30]Kaplan R,Kaplan S.The Experience of Nature-A Psychological Perspective[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1989.
[31]Kay J H.Asphalt Nation:How the Automobile Took Over America,and How We Can Take It Back[M].Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1997.
[32]Lennard S H C,Lennard H L.Livable Cities—People and Places:Social and Design Principles for the Future of the City.Center for Urban WellBeing,1987.New York:Southhampton.
[33]Llewelyn-Davies.Urban Design Compendium.London:English Partnerships/The Housing Corporation,2000.
[34]Lynch K.The Image of the City[M].Cambridge,MA:Joint Center for/.l.:.l..Urban Studies,1960.
[35]Nasar J L.The Effect of Sign Complexity and Coherence on the Perceived Quality of Retail Scenes[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1987(53):499-509.
[36]Nelessen A.Visions for a New American Dream.Washington DC:American Planning Association,1994.
[37]Placer County(CA),2003.Placer County Design Guidelines:115.Available at www.placer.ca.gov/upload/cdr/cdr%20%20%20planning/documents/communityplans/design-guidelines.pdf
[38]Rapoport A.History and Precedent in Environmental Design[M].New York:Kluwer Academic Publishers,Plenum Press,1990.
[39]Rapoport A,Hawkes R.The Perception of Urban Complexity[J].Journal of the American Institute of Planners,1970(36):106-111.
[40]Stamps A E.Measures of Architectural Mass:From Vague Impressions to Definite Design Features[J].Environment and Planning B,1998(25):825836.
[41]Stamps A E.Sex,Complexity,and Preferences for Residential Facades[J].Perceptual and Motor Skills,1999(88):1301-1312.
[42]Stamps A E.Enclosure and Safety in Urbanscapes[J].Environment and Behavior,2005,37(1):102-133.
[43]Stamps A E,Smith S.Environmental Enclosure in Urban Settings[J].Environment and Behavior,2002,34(6),Pp.781-794.
[44]Stamps A E,Nasar J L,Hanyu K.Planner's Notebook:Using Preconstruction Validation to Regulate Urban Skylines[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2005(71):73-91.
[45]Trancik R.Finding Lost Space—Theories of Urban Design.New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold,1986.
[46]Tunnard C,Pushkarev B.Man-Made America-Chaos Or Control?[M].New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1963.
[47]Whyte W H.City—Rediscovering the Center.New York:Doubleday,1988.
基本信息:
中图分类号:TU984
引用信息:
[1]里德·尤因,苏珊·汉迪,江雯婧.测量不可测的:与可步行性相关的城市设计品质[J].国际城市规划,2012,27(05):43-53.
基金信息:
伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会“设计活跃生活”项目的资助~~
2012-10-19
2012-10-19