国际城市规划

乡村风貌建设和保护是乡村振兴战略实施推进过程中的重要议题,但是中国近40年快速的城镇化对乡村风貌产生了较大的冲击。本文基于全国13省480个村庄的调研以及近年国内外的乡村考察,对当下中国乡村风貌面临的危机进行梳理和总结。结合相关研究,首先阐释了乡村风貌的四大构成要素:地域特色、场所景观、田园环境和社会人文;继而分析了这四大方面所面临的困境,诸如地域特色的差异化渐失、城市表征显著,场所景观杂乱化和人工化明显,田园环境去乡土化和去生态化特征,村庄社会逐步解构、物质和非物质遗产难以接续等。进一步解析其成因,总结为:交通连接的便利性加速了城市工业文明的入侵,政府的不适当干预导致场所景观受到破坏,村民和基层政府认知能力低导致田园风貌被忽视,现代化与传统的割裂导致对传统文化的认知迷茫,村民的认同感出现分化、传统的风貌资源不被认可,村民积极参与的缺位导致乡村风貌维育缺少支撑等。最后,借鉴发达国家经验并结合中国国情,提出了若干应对策略,具体包括:重建文化自信、传统传承要与时代相融,突出村民主体、充分发挥民间社会团体的作用,统筹分散的资源、体系化支援扶持,立足国情、立法保护乡村风貌,强化乡村规划理论研究、服务风貌维育。

Rural landscape conservation is one important issue of Chinese Rural Revitalization strategy, but fast urbanization has affected rural landscapes in the last four decades. This paper, based on the field works in 480 villages of 13 provinces and many local villages in the last few years in China and abroad, analyzes the landscape conservation challenges of regional characteristics, spatial landscape, agricultural context and social cultural landscapes, and advances that rural landscape is facing forces of diversities disappearing, architecture-urbanization, built-up landscape-disordering and artificializing, agricultural landscape-deecologing and de-countrysiding and rural community destructuring. Some genetic factors are explored including urban and industry culture invading, improper government intervening, shortage of rural value cognition, lack of public participation and lagging of rural theory. Finally, some conservation agendas, mainly based on Korean, Japanese and European experience, are put forward including reconstructing cultural confidence, fusion of the time and the past, emphasizing villagers dominant role, playing social organizations' role, reuniting scattered resources, supporting systematically, being based on national conditions, legislating, strongthen theoretical studies and propping up rural landscape maintaining.