| 841 | 13 | 55 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
内罗毕正在经历的城市化体现出"多重飞地"的特征。在全球国际资本和本地人口城市化的双重作用下所产生的城市贫民窟,在空间上有着拥挤混乱等显著特征,但同时具有复杂的内在组织力量。本文以肯尼亚内罗毕贫民窟为典型的这一高密度、低收入、非正规的贫困人口聚居形成的城市景观,通过探寻它的空间、社会、文化形态来探寻它在全球化和后工业时代的新身份,并结合城市非正规性理论,建立与当代城市相关的非正规社区体系。作者通过实地调研及参与贫民窟的改造项目,针对内罗毕几个典型贫民窟的内部组织方式,从土地管理、房地产市场、住房建设、社区服务等四个方面来解读非正规聚落的组织形态,同时对内罗毕作为后殖民城市的非正规性进行了梳理,将贫民窟放置在非正规城市化的宏观进程中进行研究,为研究非正规城市提供文本。
Abstract：This research focuses on an important part of the African cities today: the ‘slums'. The term of slum is often used to describe places with limited sanitation facilities and scarce resources, where living conditions are extremely poor. However, slums are heterogenous and are normally selfgoverned in a complex way, which is largely neglected by both the media and the academy. The issue of the slums is not simply the intersection between the problem of housing and the problem of poverty. But the deep-rooted misunderstanding and misinterpretation of slums have led to improper interventions. This research tries to re-identify the slums and explore the logic behind the slums: the informality. Drawing on case studies in Nairobi, it reads and analyzes the slums in four dimensions: land management, informal real estate, construction of housing, and community services. Through these scopes an enriched content of urban informality in today's Africa can be unfolded.
[1]GILBERT A.The return of the slum:does language matter?[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2007,31(4):697-713.
[2]ILO.Women and Men in the Informal Economy:A Statistical Picture[R].Geneva:ILO,2002.
[3]WORLD BANK.World Bank Open Data[DB/OL].(2013)[2013-12 13].https://data.worldbank.org.
[4]HALL P,Pfeiffer U.Urban future 21:a global agenda for twenty-first century cities[M].London:Taylor&Francis,2000:77-80.
[5]ROY A,AlSayyad N.Urban informality:transnational perspectives from the Middle East,Latin America,and South Asia[C].Oxford:Lexington Books,2004.
[6]ROY A.Urban informality:toward an epistemology of planning[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2005,71(2):147-158.
[7]尼耶利·塞勒雷.肯尼亚土地法规及其对非正规性的影响[J].城市中国,2014(1):36-45.
[8]WHITE L W T,SILBERMAN L,ANDERSON P R.Nairobi:master plan for a colonial capital.a report prepared for the municipal council of Nairobi[R].London:H.M.S.O,1948.
[9]WAHOME T.29 Runda residents appeal against High Court order to surrender land for road[N/OL].(2013-06-03)[2017-09-30].https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000085077/29-runda-residents-appeal-againsthigh-court-order-to-surrender-land-for-road.
[10]OKANDE A.Nairobi’s westlands disappearing[N/OL].(2015-05-06)[2017-09-30].https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2000161293/nairobi-s-wetlands-disappearing.
[11]LOECKX A,GIITHUA B.Sites-and-services in Nairobi[C].Viviana D’Auria,Bruno de Meulder,Kelly Shannon.Amsterdam:SUN Academia,2010:82.
[12]GULYANI S,TALUKDAR D.Slum real estate:the low-quality high-price puzzle in Nairobi’s slum rental market and its implications for theory and practice[J].World Development,2008(10):1916-1937.
[13]LEBAS A.Violence and urban order in Nairobi,Kenya and Lagos,Nigeria[J].Studies in Comparative International Development,2013,48(3):240-262.
[14]UN-HABITAT. UN-HABITAT and the Kenya slum upgrading programme[R].Nairobi:UN-Habitat,2007.
[15]PERLMAN J E.Favela:four decades of living on the edge in Rio de Janeiro[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2011.
[16]United Nations Human Settlements.The challenge of slums:global report on human settlements.London:Routledge,2003:219.
[17]HENDRIKS B.Urban livelihoods,institutions and inclusive governance in Nairobi[M].Amsterdam:Vossiuspers UvA-Amsterdam University Press,2010.
[18]African Development Bank Group.Executive summary of the resettlement action plans[R/OL].(2012)[2016-06-15].https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents.
[19]CHARTON-BIGOT H,RODRIGUEZ-TORRES D.Nairobi today:the paradox of a fragmented city[M].Dar es Salam,Tanzania:Mkuki na Nyota Publishers in association with French Institute for Research in Africa,2010.
[20]HERZOG A,JASCHECK J.Kibera as a city[R/OL].Basel:ETH Studio Basel,2007[2016-08-15].http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/kibera-as-a-city.html.
[21]SCOTT J C.Seeing like a state:how Certain Schemes to improve the human condition have failed[M].London:Yale University Press,1998.
(1)对于基贝拉的人口总数存在不同的说法。根据政府的人口统计,这里有20万人;但联合国人居署专家推测,该统计无法覆盖到真正的居民,所以估算基贝拉有80万~100万人口。在马萨雷谷,普遍的人口估算是50万左右。
(1)该调研于2011年和2014年在当地NGO的帮助下在基贝拉和马萨雷谷和进行。
(2)本项目资料来源于笔者2014、2015年间对KDI负责人查尔斯(Charles Newman)、乔(Joe Mulligan)和其他当地成员的采访、通信。部分资料来源于KDI出版物以及网站(http://www.kounkuey.org/)。
(1)世界银行2012年的官方报告中说迁移计划的总开支为4 000万美元,但在2014年及其后的报道中,包括《民族日报》(Daily Nations)和其他肯尼亚主流媒体,都指出实际开支为7 000万美元。证据表明,世界银行和非洲发展银行分别为这个项目提供了贷款。如:https://muunganosupporttrust.wordpress.com/2015/06/05/railway-relocation-a-collaborative-development-approach/,2016-01-20。施工金额来源于Hyoung公司网站:http://hyoung.com/projects/construction-relocation-units-safety-infrastructure-relocation-action-plan-kibera-mukuru-lot-d/,2015-06-09。
基本信息:
中图分类号:D742.4
引用信息:
[1]黄正骊.非洲当代城市中的贫民窟与非正规社区:以内罗毕为例[J].国际城市规划,2018,33(05):62-69.
2018-10-19
2018-10-19