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自20世纪末以来的再城市化进程中，西欧主要城市普遍经历了城市致密化，在外延式扩张受限下实现了城市内部的存量空间挖潜。不同于紧凑城市等广受争议的规划发展理念，城市致密化是西方广泛实施的务实规划政策，并在治理实践中形成了不同模式。在辨析城市致密化与紧凑城市的区别和联系的基础上，笔者对西欧主要城市的致密化政策的绩效争议和实施模式展开引介，并聚焦英国布里斯托尔市，例证致密化的不同模式和柔性致密化的独特作用。同样，受城镇开发边界刚性限制和城市更新财政平衡约束的中国城市也面临存量空间增容的致密化压力。谋划制度供给，由“偏重刚性致密化”向“兼顾柔性致密化”转型，从而有效激发中心城区消费活力，应是未来规划变革的重点探索内容。
Abstract：In the process of re-urbanization since the end of the 20th century, major cities in Western European countries have generally experienced urban densification,to improve the inventory space under the constraints of external expansion. Unlike compact cities, urban densification is a widely implemented planning policy in Western cities and has formed different patterns in governance practices. Based on distinguishing the differences and linkages between urban densification and the compact city concept,this paper introduces the performance controversies and implementation models of densification policies in major cities in Western European countries. We then focus on the case of Bristol, the UK, to illustrate the different modes of densification and the important role of soft densification. Correspondingly, under the rigid constraints of urban development boundaries and the financial balance of urban renewal, Chinese cities are also facing the pressure of densification of inventory space. Institutional supply and transitioning from a focus on hard densification to a focus on soft densification,thus effectively stimulating the consumption vitality of the downtown district, should be the key exploration content of future planning reforms.
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(1)也有部分学者将西欧国家的城市化、郊区化和再城市化分别称为致密化（densification）、去致密化（de-densification）和再致密化（re-densification)[8]。本文借鉴学术界的主流观点，使用的城市致密化的概念特指自20世纪末以来西方国家再城市化进程中的城市密度增加过程。
(1)例如英国的保护英格兰乡村运动组织（CPRE:Campaign to Protect Rural England），促成了英国1947年《城乡规划法》正式划定环城绿带，以保护乡村地区。
(1)城市增长联盟主要指西方社会中基于土地开发利益形成的、由政治精英和经济精英组成的联盟，对城市政治的发展方向起着一定的主导作用。
(2)例如：法国巴黎地区的一位业主原计划将其占地1 000 m2的房产以50万欧元的价格售出，但通过柔性致密化政策，这位业主将所占地块的产权一分为二，原有房屋及附属的500 m2土地以40万欧元售出，另外500 m2的空地则以20万欧元的价格售出（以供建设新的住房），通过这种土地分割实现了10万欧元的价值提升[34]。
(3)套房分割指将原本由一户家庭使用的单套住房切分为供两户或多户家庭共同使用的两套或多套住房的改造行为。
(1)默许开发权指一部分开发项目具有“无须获得当地规划当局的批准即可实施”的权利，是由英国政府发布的、旨在“放宽规划审查管制，并寻求加快新住房建设”的一项规划管理制度。
(1)详见BBC的报道：“住房危机：布里斯托尔的后花园能提供解决方案吗？”（Housing crisis:could Bristol’s back gardens offer a solution?)(https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-64538768.amp）。
(1)可参见经济学者陆铭的相关论述，例如：为什么人口密度对消费如此重要？（https://www.21jingji.com/article/20240314/f24eb3c277a71fc9344ce59ea58b0924.html）。
(2)例如：根据第五次人口普查和《上海市统计年鉴2023》数据，2000年上海市黄浦区的常住人口密度约为4.42万人/km2（按照原黄浦区和卢湾区合并计算），在2022年已下降至2.48万人/km2。
(3)详见《建设保障房未必要大拆大建--新“房改”系列之一》（https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/l6Ej Nwlm Y11T_SBgjqu5pw）。
基本信息:
DOI：10.19830/j.upi.2024.151
中图分类号:TU984
引用信息:
[1]张泽,肖钰尧,李紫玥.西欧城市致密化的概念、政策、实践和借鉴[J].国际城市规划,2024,39(06):54-61.DOI:10.19830/j.upi.2024.151.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金青年项目（52208071）
2024-09-04
2024-09-04
2024-09-04