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对西方城市规划公众参与方式理论进行分类研究可以找到这些理论背后的规则,进而通过规则适配进行参与方式的选择。本研究综合了安斯汀和米切纳分类的优点,以参与权力分配为依据进行了新的分类研究。新依据下的三种参与方式在权力分配、参与目的及社会作用上各具特色,以此引申出的优缺点构成了参与方式选择的情景条件。在此基础上,研究论述了三种参与方式在我国的适用性及实践基础,建立了适于我国城市规划编制体系的参与方式选择标准。
Abstract：Studying the classification of public participation approach theory in the west is the best way to find the implication rules among them. These approaches can be applied selectively through rules adaptation. Combined the advantages of Arnstein's theory and Michener's theory, this study focuses on the new classification based on the power distribution between the government and participators. Advantages and disadvantages of the three kinds of participation approaches which come from the features on the power allocation, participation purpose and social effect, compose of the situational conditions for participation approaches selecting. On this basis, this study discusses the applicability and the practice basis of the three kinds of participation approaches in China, and establishes the selection criteria for Chinese urban planning system.
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1 2008年武汉洪山广场改造规划中,政府在网上进行方案评选。大多数公众反对拆除洪山广场,建议地铁改建,而这一结果却与政府的意愿相反。在一片批评声中,政府放弃公众的意见,实施了原来的改建方案。“虚伪的公众参与”引发了政府公信危机。详细信息可见:殷利华,等.从武汉洪山广场的改建看我国城市规划中的公共参与[J].中南论坛,2009(3):120-123.
2 广州番禺垃圾焚烧电厂初始阶段,政府部门完全独占决策权力,决策在封闭的行政程序中运行;公众知情后反对的呼声迫使政府部门有限度地回应公众参与;然而,在公众采取各种激烈手段持续施压的情况下,政府部门被迫采取更大程度与公众分享决策权力的策略,直至最后采取公众投票方式决定项目选址。目前项目不置可否。详见:http://www.cn-hw.net/html/32/201110/30166.html
3 孔子.《论语.卫灵公》.“子贡问为仁。子曰:工欲善其事,必先利其器。居是邦也,事其大夫之贤者,友其士之仁者。”
1 伊冯和马克根据公共选择问题的情况,将参与方式分为环境管理型、环境管治型和合作式环境规划型。如果公共选择问题很严重,选择第一种类型的规划;如果公共选择问题不严重,可以解决,选择第二种类型的规划;如果没有公共选择问题则选择第三种类型的规划。
2 韦伯拉和图拉通过10个案例的调查发现现实存在四种参与方式,每种参与方式都有其对应的环境特征。以技术为主的公众咨询:需要好的领导、丰富的信息及科学的分析;平等主义的协商:需要参与者具有一定的能力;高效的协作:需要参与者之间有很高的信任度,它强调的不是数据,而是参与者之间要达成共识;开明的合作:需要高质量的信息及数据分析,同时社区和公共机构之间要存在一定的信任度。
1哈维(Harvey)1973年出版了《社会公正和城市》一书,书中以巴尔的摩一条高速公路的建设为案例,阐述了在规划实施过程中,参与公众不同价值观的体现与冲突,进而研究了城市社会公正的原则问题[19]。
基本信息:
中图分类号:TU984
引用信息:
[1]莫文竞.西方城市规划公众参与方式的分类研究——基于理论的视角[J].国际城市规划,2014,29(05):76-82.
2014-10-15
2014-10-15