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健康影响评估(HIA:Health Impact Assessment)为那些希望将健康方面的考量引入规划过程的人提供了一种吸引人的方法。目前,HIA主要应用于美国以外的国家,并由公共健康领域的专家带头,但其有望解决规划所涉及的人类健康问题。本文阐述了HIA的历史及与其他类似工具的关系,回顾了HIA的现有理论和实践,并讨论了其在目前规划措施中所扮演的角色。笔者认为,通过完善既有的HIA工具,可使规划师认识到HIA对于当下规划过程是有用的补充而非累赘的附加要求。笔者在文末探讨了HIA具有的独特优势,其更加明确地关注人类健康这一重要问题,从而能够与公共健康和相关领域的潜在盟友进行进一步紧密合作。
Abstract：Health impact assessments(HIA) provide an attractive approach for those interested in injecting health issues into planning processes. While HIA have been mainly employed outside the United States and led by professionals from the public health field, they hold promise for addressing the important dimension of human health in planning. This article describes the history of HIA and their relationship to other analogous tools, reviews current theory and practice of HIA, and discusses the role of HIA in current planning initiatives. The authors suggest it is important to modify existing HIA tools so that they are perceived by planners as a useful supplement to current planning processes rather than a burdensome additional requirement. The authors close by discussing how HIA present distinct advantages, providing a more specific focus on the important topic of human health and a further opportunity to more closely partner with potential allies from public health and related fields.
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(1)例如,联邦高速公路管理局(FHWA:the Federal Highway Administration)在交通项目的环境影响报告书中提到了许多需要善后的环境影响(如土地利用、社会、经济、行人和骑行者、空气质量、噪音、有害废弃物堆放点、视觉影响)。除了明显的对空气和水质量的影响以外,FHWA在其导则中还明确了其他健康影响,比如邻里和社区凝聚力、出行方式和可达性变化(特别是对于弱势群体如老年人、依赖公交出行的人和残疾人)、对非机动车交通设施的影响、噪音对敏感地区(如居住区和学校)的影响、有害废弃物堆放点对公共健康的影响,以及施工过程中噪音和安全影响(FHWA,1987)。
(1)应用范围体现在社会影响评估相关文献中,这些社会影响评估研究开展的背景是一些项目和计划,如采矿(Howitt,1989;O’Faircheallaigh,1999)、羊膜穿刺术(Rapp,1999)、国际生物安全措施(Stabinsky,2000)、区域规划(Cramer,Dietz&Johnston,1980)、洪水控制政策(Brouwer&van Ek,2004)和国家公园(Fortin&Gagnon,1999)等项目。
(2)可持续性的定义为:“既满足现代人的需求又不损害后代人满足其需求的发展”(世界环境与发展委员会,1987:8)。
(3)Australasia,一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚、新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿。--编者注
基本信息:
中图分类号:TU984
引用信息:
[1]安·福赛思,卡丽莎·希弗利·斯洛特巴克,凯文·克里泽克,等.健康影响评估之规划师版:哪些工具有用?[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(04):32-43.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金项目(51578384);; 上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(14411951200)共同资助
2016-08-19
2016-08-19