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在城市形态量化研究中,对所研究的形态要素进行界定是研究的第一步。就城市形态微观要素而言,既有像街区和地块这样有较为清晰边界线的要素,其对象能够被直接定义;也有诸如街道和街口等要素,对其三维形态的界定则相对模糊——对于后者的精细化界定是本文所关注的问题。本文首先对既有研究中定值缓冲法进行回顾与反思;再从理论层面对诸如街道、街口等特定微观要素的三维形态进行解构与辨析,将其拆解成由核心开敞空间与建成实体空间所构成的整体;同时,提出一套数字化的技术流程,先后对形态要素的核心开敞空间与建成实体空间进行尺度测度,以完成整体形态要素的对象界定,即“非定值缓冲法”。面向精细化的尺度选择是城市形态量化研究走向精细化的前置性步骤,具有牵一发而动全身的全局效应。本文结合具体城市案例的实证研究进行了阐述。
Abstract:The first step in quantitative studies of urban form is to define the morphological elements. As far as the micro elements of urban form are concerned,there are elements with clear boundaries, such as blocks and plots, which can be defined directly. At the same time, there are also elements, such as streets and intersections, with relatively vague boundaries and definitions. How to define these elements is the focus of this paper. Based on the review of the fixed value buffer method in the existing research, this paper deconstructs and discriminates the threedimensional form of specific micro elements such as streets and intersections from the theoretical level, thus disassembling it into an entity of void and mass. At the same time, a set of digital technical process is proposed to measure the void and mass, in order to provide a delicate object definition. The proposed method is named non-fixed value buffer method. A delicate scale selection of morphological elements is a pre step for the refinement of quantitative research on urban form, which plays a crucial role in the analytical process. This paper further elaborates it through the empirical study of specific urban cases.
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(1)如街区边界、土地权属边界等。
(1)由俄国数学家沃罗诺伊(Georgy Fedoseevich Voronoi)建立的空间分割算法。
(2)既有文献研究中固定距离数值的常见取值包括30 m、50 m、80 m等。
(1)例如可以通过测量街道中心线的交点,即街口中心点到四周最近建筑的距离。
(2)南京老城是作者研究团队长期跟踪的对象,自2000年起,研究团队定期组织工作室全体人员对其进行实地踏勘及测绘,并与各类网络公开城市数据集进行比对,如OpenStreetMap(OSM),每隔五年留档一次,获得精确到街区轮廓、街道中心线、建筑轮廓及高度的地形图数据。本次实证研究所用数据库对应年份为2020年,使用WGS_1984坐标系对应的投影坐标系。2020年,南京老城共有建筑103 506个,总占地面积为11.86 km2,总建筑面积达到58.55 km2。
(3)问卷旨在让相关专业的从业人员,分别对每条街道不同k取值下的形态进行比较,选择最能代表该街道三维形态的对象。最终,收集到来自不同高校、设计院的20位建筑和城市设计专业从业人员的问卷样本,样本中从业时间最长的达到15年,最短的为3年。
(4)在数据库中提取其平均开敞空间宽度,分别为18.1 m、23.0 m、24.1 m、43.7 m、65.8 m、85.5 m。
(1)问卷中提供的k的取值为:1.4、1.7、2.0、2.3、2.6,以及大于2.6。一个先验的逻辑推导是k的取值既不能太小也不能太大。若太小,则街道三维形态接近于“沿街一层皮”或街道界面的概念;若太大,则街道作为一个线性空间的重要特征减弱。
(2)值得注意的是,2.0的参数选择是本文研究中基于特定样本的问卷调查所得出的推荐解。这一参数的推荐解不代表适用于其他城市建成环境的样本。同时,本文研究中采用的基本假设是街道开敞空间两侧的建成实体空间尺度与街道核心开敞空间尺度成正比,这一假设只是简化模型,是便于开展计算的一种可能方式。
(3)记任一街道对象的底面积为S,在街道对象中包含i个建筑多段面,分别用S和h代表建筑的底面积和高度。以下公式同。
基本信息:
DOI:10.19830/j.upi.2021.699
中图分类号:TU984
引用信息:
[1]曹俊,杨俊宴.面向精细化的尺度选择——城市形态微观要素界定中的非定值缓冲法[J].国际城市规划,2022,37(02):18-24.DOI:10.19830/j.upi.2021.699.
基金信息:
国家重点研发计划课题(2019YFD1100902)
2022-04-19
2022-04-19