| 356 | 2 | 29 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
减少能源消耗不仅事关提高能效的措施和技术,也与日常行为习惯的改变密切相关。尽管有的观点认为,过分强调个体行为对社会向低碳过渡的驱动作用,会转移人们从更宏观的经济和政治的层面来探讨这一问题的注意力,但环境友好的行为在此过渡过程中起到的重要作用已经获得了广泛认可。然而,环境友好行为包括哪些?人们为什么会这样做?他们改变行为的动因是什么?行为形成和改变的核心要素有哪些?本文通过讨论关于环境行为及其驱动力的三种学说:理性经济说,意识分析说,以及社会影响说来解答以上问题。同时,联系能源消费方面的案例,对行为进行概念上的解读。
Abstract:Reducing energy demand is not simply about developing energy efficiency measures and technologies,but also changing behaviour and everyday practices. Although the over-emphasis on individual behaviour as the main driver of transition to low-carbon societies may be contested on the grounds that it distracts attention from the wider structural,economic and political factors,it is widely acknowledged that pro-environmental behaviours play an important part in such a transition. This paper aims to address these questions by drawing on three dominant perspectives on environmental behaviour and its drivers: the rational economic,the psychological and the sociological perspectives. The aim is to provide a conceptual understanding of behaviour,illustrated with examples from energy consumption.
[1]Ajzen I.The Theory of Planned Behaviour[J].Organization Behaviour and Human Decision Processes,1991,50:179-211.
[2]Barr S.Strategies for Sustainability:Citizens and Responsible Environmental Behaviour[J].Area,2003,35(3):227-240.
[3]Barr S,Gilg A,Shaw G.‘Helping People Make Better Choices’:E x p l o r i n g t h e B e h a v i o u r C h a n g e A g e n d a f o r E n v i r o n m e n t a l Sustainability[J].Applied Geography,2011,31:712-720.
[4]Bazerman M.Judgement in Managerial Decision Making[M].New York:John Wiley,1998.
[5]Brulle R.J.From Environmental Campaigns to Advancing the Public Dialog:Environmental Communication for Civic Engagement[J].Environmental Communication:A Journal of Nature and Culture,2010,4(1):82-98.
[6]Bunt L,Harries M.Mass Localism:A Way to Help Small Communities Solve Big Social Challenges[EB/OL].NESTA Discussion Paper,2010[2012-02-27].http://www.nesta.org.uk/library/documents/MassLocalism_Feb2010.pdf.
[7]Burgess J,Nye M.Re-materialising Energy Use Through Transparent Monitoring Systems[J].Energy Policy,2008,36:4454-4459.
[8]Calne D B.Within Reason:Rationality and Human Behaviour[M].Toronto:Pantheon,1999.
[9]Christensen T H,Godsekesen M,Gram-Hanssen K,Quitzau M,Ropke I.Greening the Danes?Experience with Consumption and Environmental Policies[J].Journal of Consumer Policy,2007,30:91-116.
[10]Christie L,Donn M,Walton D.The‘Apparent Disconnect’Towards the Adoption of Energy-efficiency Technologies[J].Building Research&Information,2011,39(5):450-458.
[11]Committee on Climate Change.Meeting Carbon Budgets-2013 Progress Report to Parliament[EB/OL].2013[2013-08-28].http://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CCC-Prog-Rep-Book_singles_web_1.pdf.
[12]Crosbie T,Baker K.Energy-efficiency Interventions in Housing:Learning from the Inhabitants[J].Building Research&Information,2010,38(1):70-79.
[13]Darby S.Smart Metering:What Potential for Householder Engagement?[J].Building Research&Information,2010,38(5):442-457.
[14]Darnton A.A Overview of Behaviour Change Models and Their Uses[EB/OL].GSR Behaviour Change Knowledge Review,2008[2012-02-27].http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2011/09/Behaviour_change_reference_report_tcm6-9697.pdf.
[15]Darnton A,Verplanken B,White P,Whitmarsh L.Habits,Routines and Sustainable Lifestyles:A Summary Report to the Department for Environment,Food and Rural Affairs[EB/OL].London:AD Research&Analysis for Defra,2011[2013-08-28]http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.as px?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&Completed=0&Projec tID=16189.
[16]Davoudi S.Climate Risk and Security;New Meanings of‘the Environment’in the English Planning System[J].European Planning Studies,2012,20(1):49-69.
[17]Dawnay E,Shah H.Extending the‘Rational Man’Model of Behaviour:Seven Key Principles,Briefing Note for the Environment Agency by NEF(New Economic Foundation)[M].Bristol:The Environment Agency,2005.
[18]De Bondt W F M.A Portrait of the Individual Investor[J].European Economic Review,1998,42(3-5):831-44.
[19]DECC(Department of Energy and Climate Change).Energy Consumption in the UK[EB/OL].2013[2013-08-28].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-consumption-in-the-uk.
[20]Defra(Department of Environment,Food and Rural Affaires).A Framework for Pro-Environmental Behaviours:Report[EB/OL].London:Defra,2008[2012-02-27].http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/pb13574-behaviours-report-080110.pdf.
[21]DECC/Defra.Making the Right Choices for Our Future[EB/OL].2009[2012-02-05].http://archive.defra.gov.uk/evidence/series/documents/economicframework-0309.pdf.
[22]De Young R.Expanding and Evaluating Motives for Environmentally Responsible Behaviour[J].Journal of Social Issues,2000,56(3):509-526.
[23]Dono L,Webb J,Richardson B.The Relationship Between Environmental Activism,Pro-environmental Behaviour and Social Identity[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2010,30:178-186.
[24]Evans D.Attitudes,Values and Culture:Qualitative Approaches to‘Values’as an Empirical Category[R].RESOLVE Working Paper,2007:04-07.
[25]Fenton-O’Creevy M,Nicholson N,Soane E,Willman P.Trading on illusions:Unrealistic Perceptions Of Control And Trading Performance[J].Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology,2003,76:53-68.
[26]Fischer C.Feedback on Household Electricity Consumption:A Tool For Saving Energy[J].Energy Efficiency,2008,1:79-104.
[27]Fiske S,Taylor S.Social Cognition[M].2nd edn.Columbus,OH:McGrawHill,1991.
[28]GfK NOP Social Research.Low Carbon Communities Challenge Baseline Research Mini Report[EB/OL].Totnes,2012[2013-09-05].http://www.transitiontogether.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/LCCCBaselineResea rchMiniReport%E2%80%93Totnes.pdf.
[29]Gigerenzer G,Todd P M,the ABC Research Group.Simple Heuristics that Make Us Smart[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999.
[30]Gilg A,Barr S,Ford N.Green Consumption or Sustainable Lifestyles?Identifying the Sustainable Consumer[J].Futures,2005,37:481-504.
[31]Gill Z M,Tierney M J,Pegg I M,Allan N.Low-energy Dwellings:The Contribution of Behaviours to Actual Performance[J].Building Research&Information,2010,38(5):491-508.
[32]Gram-Hanssen K,Bartiaux F,Jesen O M,Cantaert M.Do Homeowners Use Energy Labels?A Comparison Between Denmark and Belgium[J].Energy Policy,2007,35:2879-2888.
[33]Greening L A,Greene D L,Difiglio C.Energy Efficiency and Consumption–The Rebound Effect–A Survey[J].Energy Policy,2000,28:389-401.
[34]Gr?nh?j A,Th?gersen J.Feedback on Household Electricity Consumption:Learning and Social Influence Processes[J].International Journal of Consumer Studies,2011,35:138-145.
[35]Gyberg P,Palm J.Influencing Households’Energy Behaviour-How Is It Done and on What Premise?[J].Energy Policy,2009,37:2807-2813.
[36]Hargreaves T,Nye M,Burgess J.Making Energy Visible:A Qualitative Field Study of How Householders Interact with Feedback from Smart Energy Monitors[J].Energy Policy,2010,38:6111-6119.
[37]Harland P,Staats H,Wilkie H A M.Explaining Pro-environmental Intention and Behaviour by Personal Norms and Theory of Planned Behaviour[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1999,29(12):2505-2528.
[38]Heiskanen E,Johnson M,Robinson S,Vadovics E,Saastamoinen M.Lowcarbon Communities as a Context for Individual Behaviour Change[J].Energy Policy,2010,38:7586-7595.
[39]Jackson T.Motivating Sustainable Consumption:A Review of Evidence on Consumer Behaviour and Behavioural Change[EB/OL].Report to the Sustainable Development Research Network,2005[2012-02-27].http://www.sd-research.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/motivatingscfinal_000.pdf.
[40]Jackson T.Prosperity without Growth?The Transition to a Sustainable Economy[M].London:Sustainable Development Commission,2009.
[41]Jenkins D P.The Value of Retro-fitting Carbon-saving Measures into Fuel Poor Social Housing[J].Energy Policy,2010,38:832-839.
[42]Kahneman D,Tversky A.Prospect Theory:An Analysis of Decision Under Risk[J].Econometrica,1979,47:263-291.
[43]Layard R.Happiness:Lessons from a New Science[M].Penguin Press,HC,2005.
[44]Lindenberg S,Steg L.Normative,Gain and Hedonic Goal Frames Guiding Environmental Behaviour[J].Journal of Social Issues,2007,63(1):117-137.
[45]Lomas K J.Carbon Reduction in Existing Buildings:A Transdisciplinary Approach[J].Building Research&Information,2010,38(1):1-11.
[46]Lorenzoni I,Nicholson-Cole S,Whitmarsh L.Barriers Perceived to Engaging with Climate Change Among the UK Public and Their Policy Implications[J].Global Environmental Change,2007,17:445-459.
[47]Lucas K,Brooks M,Darnton A,Jones J E.Promoting Pro-environmental Behaviour:Existing Evidence and Policy Implications[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2008,11:456-466.
[48]McKenzie-Mohr D.Promoting Sustainable Behaviour:An Introduction to Community-based Social Marketing[J].Journal of Social Issues,2000,56(3):543-554.
[49]Nicholson N.Managing the Human Animal[M].London:Texere,2000.
[50]Nisbett R E,Ross L.Human Inference:Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement[M].Prentice Hall:Englewood Cliffs,NJ,1980.
[51]Nolan J M,Schultz P W,Ciadini R B,Goldstein N J,Griskevicius V.Normative Social Influence Is Under-detected[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2008,34(7):913-923.
[52]Nye M,Burgess J.Promoting Durable Change in Household Waste and Energy Use Behaviour:A Technical Report for the Department for Environment[R].Food and Rural Affairs,University of East Anglia,London Defra,2008.
[53]Parag Y,Darby S.Consumer-supplier-government Triangular Relations:Rethinking the UK Policy Path for Carbon Emissions Reduction from the UK[J].Energy Policy,2009,37:3894-3992.
[54]Pierce J,Fan C,Lomas D,Marcu G,Paulos E.Some Considerations on the(In)effectiveness of Residential Energy Feedback Systems[EB/OL].DIS 2010,Aarhus,Denmark,(2010-08-16-20)[2012-02-27].http://www.jamesjpierce.com/publications/pierce-ineffectiveness_of_energy_feedback.pdf.
[55]Rutledge R W.The Effects of Group Decisions and Group-shifts on Use of the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic[J].Social Behavior and Personality,1993,21:215-226.
[56]Shove E.Beyond the ABC:Climate Change Policies and Theories of Social Change[J].Environment and Planning A,2010,42:1273-1285.
[57]Simon H.Models of Man[M].New York:Wiley,1957.
[58]Sorrel S,Dimitropoulos J,Sommerville M.Empirical Estimates of the Direct Rebound Effect:A Review[J].Energy Policy,2009,37:1356-1371.
[59]Staats H,Harland P,Wilkie H A M.Effecting Durable Change:A Team Approach to Improve Environmental Behaviour in the Household[J].Environment and Behaviour,2004,36(3):341-367.
[60]Stephenson J,Barton B,Carrington G,Gnoth D,Lawson R,Thorsnes P.Energy Cultures:A Framework for Understanding Energy Behaviours[J].Energy Policy,2010,38:6120-6129.
[61]Stern N.Towards a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behaviour[J].Journal of Social Issues,2000,56(3):407-424.
[62]Stern N.The Economics of Climate Change:Report to the Treasury[EB/OL].Cambridge University Press:Cambridge,2007[2012-02-27].http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm.
[63]Summerfield A J,Pathan A,Lowe R J,Oreszczyn T.Changes in Energy Demand from Low-energy Homes[J].Building Research&Information,2010,38(5):42-49.
[64]Tetlock P E.An Alternative Metaphor in the Study of Judgement and Choice:People as Politicians[J].Theory and Psychology,1991,1(4):451-475.
[65]Thaler R H,Sunstein C R.Nudge:Improving Decisions About Health,Wealth And Happiness[M].London:Penguin Books,2008.
[66]Turaga R M R,Howarth R B,Borsuk M.Pro-environmental Behaviour:Rational Choice Meets Moral Motivation[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,1185:211-224.
[67]Vale B,Vale R.Domestic Energy Use,Lifestyles and POE:Past Lessons for Current Problems[J].Building Research&Information,2010,38(5):578-588.
[68]van Dam S S,Bakker C A,van Hall J D M.Home Energy Monitors:Impact over the Medium-term[J].Building Research&Information,2010,38(5):458-469.
[69]Walker G,Cass N.Carbon Reduction,‘the Public’and Renewable Energy:Engaging with Socio-technical Configurations[J].Area,2007,39(4):458-469.
[70]Whitmarsh L,Seyfang G,O’Neil S.Public Engagement with Carbon and Climate Change:To What Extent Is the Public‘Carbon Capable’?[J].Global Environmental Change,2011,21:56-65.
[71]Wilson C,Dowlatabi H.Models of Decision Making and Residential Energy Use[J].The Annual Review of Environment and Resources,2007,32:169-203.
基本信息:
中图分类号:TU984
引用信息:
[1]茜敏·达沃迪,卢克·迪利,珍妮·克劳福德,等.能源消费行为:理性还是惯性?[J].国际城市规划,2014,29(02):22-28.
2014-04-19
2014-04-19